Battle of the Bismarck Sea in World War II

The Battle of the Bismarck Sea was fought March 2-4, 1943, during World War II (1939 to 1945). Forces Commanders Allies Major General George KenneyAir Commodore Joe Hewitt39 heavy bombers, 41 medium bombers, 34 light bombers, 54 fighters Japanese Rear Admiral Masatomi KimuraVice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa8 destroyers, 8 transports, approx. 100 aircraft Background With defeat looming in the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Japanese high command began making efforts in December 1942 to reinforce their position in New Guinea. Seeking to shift around 105,000 men from China and Japan, the first convoys reached Wewak, New Guinea in January and February delivering men from the 20th and 41st Infantry Divisions. This successful movement was an embarrassment to Major General George Kenney, commander of the Fifth Air Force and Allied Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area, who had vowed to cut off the island from re-supply. Assessing the failures of his command during the first two months of 1943, Kenney revised tactics and embarked on a rapid training program to ensure better success against maritime targets. As the Allies set to work, Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa began making plans to shift the 51st Infantry Division from Rabaul, New Britain to Lae, New Guinea. On February 28, the convoy, consisting of eight transports and eight destroyers assembled at Rabaul. For additional protection, 100 fighters were to provide cover. To lead the convoy, Mikawa selected Rear Admiral Masatomi Kimura. Striking the Japanese Due to Allied signals intelligence, Kenney was aware that a large Japanese convoy would be sailing for Lae in early March. Departing Rabaul, Kimura originally intended to pass south of New Britain but changed his mind at the last minute to take advantage of a storm front that was moving along the north side of the island. This front provided cover through the day on March 1 and Allied reconnaissance planes were unable to locate the Japanese force. Around 4:00 PM, an American B-24 Liberator briefly spotted the convoy, but the weather and time of day precluded an attack. The next morning, another B-24 spotted the Kimuras ships. Due to the range, several flights of B-17 Flying Fortresses were dispatched to the area. To help reduce the Japanese air cover, Royal Australian Air Force A-20s from Port Moresby attacked the airfield at Lae. Arriving over the convoy, the B-17s began their attack and succeeded in sinking the transport Kyokusei Maru with the loss of 700 of the 1,500 men on board. B-17 strikes continued through the afternoon with marginal success as the weather frequently obscured the target area. Tracked through the night by Australian PBY Catalinas, they came within range of the Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay around 3:25 AM. Though launching a flight of Bristol Beaufort torpedo bombers, only two of the RAAF aircraft located the convoy and neither scored a hit. Later in the morning, the convoy came into the range of the bulk of Kenneys aircraft. While 90 aircraft were assigned to striking Kimura, 22 RAAF Douglas Bostons were ordered to attack Lae through the day to reduce the Japanese air threat. Around 10:00 AM the first in series of closely coordinated aerial attacks began. Bombing from around 7,000 feet, B-17s succeeded in breaking up Kimuras formation, reducing the effectiveness of the Japanese anti-aircraft fire. These were followed by B-25 Mitchells bombing from between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. These attacks drew the bulk of the Japanese fire leaving an opening for low-altitude strikes. Approaching the Japanese ships, the Bristol Beaufighters of No. 30 Squadron RAAF were mistaken by the Japanese for Bristol Beauforts. Believing the aircraft to be torpedo planes, the Japanese turned towards them to present a smaller profile. This maneuver allowed the Australians to inflict maximum damage as the Beaufighters strafed the ships with their 20 mm cannons. Stunned by this attack, the Japanese were next to hit by modified B-25s flying at low-altitude. Strafing the Japanese ships, they also made skip bombing attacks in which bombs were bounced along the surface of the water into the sides of enemy vessels. With the convoy in flames, a final attack was made by a flight of American A-20 Havocs. In short order, Kimuras ships had been reduced to burning hulks. Attacks continued through the afternoon to ensure their final destruction. While the battle raged around the convoy, P-38 Lightnings provided cover from Japanese fighters and claimed 20 kills against three losses. The next day, the Japanese mounted a retaliatory raid against the Allied base at Buna, New Guinea, but inflicted little damage. For several days after the battle, Allied aircraft returned to the scene and attacked survivors in the water. Such attacks were viewed as necessary and were partially in retribution for the Japanese practice of strafing Allied airmen while they descended in their parachutes. Aftermath In the fighting at the Bismarck Sea, the Japanese lost eight transports, four destroyers, and 20 aircraft. In addition, between 3,000 and 7,000 men were killed. Allied losses totaled four aircraft and 13 airmen. A complete victory for the Allies, the Battle of the Bismarck Sea led Mikawa to comment a short time later, It is certain that the success obtained by the American air force in this battle dealt a fatal blow to the South Pacific. The success of Allied airpower convinced the Japanese that even strongly escorted convoys could not operate without air superiority. Unable to reinforce and resupply troops in the region, the Japanese were permanently put on the defensive, opening the way for successful Allied campaigns.

Nuclear Weapons During The Cold War Era Essay - 907 Words

The development and use of nuclear weapons in 1945 changed not only warfare, but how countries approach warfare as a whole. As Andrew Heywood notes in his book, Global Politics, says that there’s a tendency â€Å"for any weapons to proliferate† or spread. With that knowledge it should be assumed that many nations would want to obtain nuclear weapons after seeing what the power that they hold. A state being in possession of a nuclear weapon can deter potential enemies and make them a power on the global scale. The Cold War era and post- Cold War era both saw an in increase in the spread of nuclear weapons. During the Cold War, after the US first used a nuclear weapon in 1945, states that gained nuclear capabilities were the France, the UK, China and the Soviet Union. Post – Cold War era India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea all gained nuclear weapons and shows the problem with proliferation of them. 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Responsible For Pumping Sufficient Amount †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Responsible For Pumping An Sufficient Amount? Answer: Introducation A diagnosis has been done on Mrs. Brown with acute exacerbation of heart failure (AIHF). The symptoms of AIHF are initially caused by the pulmonary oedema due to an increased filling pressure in the left ventricle (LV) (Copstead Banasik, 2013). To meet the metabolic demand of the body, the LV is responsible for pumping an sufficient amount of oxygenated rich blood to the body. The LV becomes impaired to perform this activity, which leads to increase the blood volume and blood pressure in the LV (Gallagher, 2012). This situation results to the flowing of the blood forwarded into the body, which can cause the increased blood in the LV to revert through the pulmonary veins and left atrium, resulting to an increment in the capillary pressure (Craft Gordon, 2015). The fluid more possibly becomes to penetrate into the interstitial spaces and the lungs alveoli from the capillary walls causing a lift in the capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to pulmonary oedema, as a result of increase of the pulmonary circulation hydrostatic pressure (Fenwick, 2015). The pulmonary gas exchange function can be significantly impaired due to the increased fluid and in the alveoli and airway as the interference of the gas exchange with the lungs ventilation process. Hence, severe dyspnoea would be experienced by Mrs. Browns. Due to the movement of the air that passes through the alveolar flied, sounds of the crackles are heard from the patient having pulmonary oedema (Fenwick, 2015). It is indicated from the oxygen saturation reading that Mrs. Brown is having inadequate supply of blood in her body. The situation is resulted by the incapability of the lungs for not effective oxygenation of the blood. Therefore, while leaving the pulmonary circulation, the blood gets poorly oxygenated (Gallagher, 2012). The failing heart is responsible for not delivering the adequate oxygenated blood to reach the tissue oxygen needs, resulting into the hypoxia and reduced tissue perfusion, as stated b y Fenwick (2015). AHF is connected with a remarkable reduction in the cardiac output (CO), myocardial contractility and stroke volume. Accumulated blood pressure and tachycardia has been experienced by Mrs. Brown due to the activation o compensatory mechanism responding to the reduced CO. The activation of the symoathetic nervous system is stimulated by the decreased cardiac output to discharge the no noradrenalin and adrenaline that can be the reason for increment in vasoconstriction (McCance Huether, 2014). With the activation of the vasoconstriction, the further elevation happens in the myocardial contractility, peripheral vascular constriction and the HR. A decreased blood flow to the kidneys is caused by the decreased CO, resulting to a step down in the glomerular filtration rate, additionally (McCance Huether, 2014). Chopsted and Banasik (2013) has showed in response to the above stated situation, that, to release rennin, which transforms the angiotensinogen to angiotensin I from angiotensin II the kidneys are stimulated by the rennin-angiotensin-aldosteron. A lift in the arterial blood pressure is caused by the increase of the peripheral vasoconstriction from such situation. In addition, Gordon and Craft (2015) stated that, the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is stimulated by the posterior pituitary, in response to the reduction of the cerebral perfusion pressure caused by the low CO. An important role is played by the ADH in raising the reabsorption of the water of the renal tubules, which results in increased volume of blood and the water retention. If the prescribed oxygen therapy is provided to Mrs. Brown, it will relieve the symptoms of her connected with acute hypoxia and dyspnoea. The density of oxygen in airway and the alveolar space is increased and the levels of carbon dioxide are decreased by the disposal of oxygen. Therefore, this helps the gases to spread out into the capillaries of pulmonary by crossing the membrane of the alveolar capillary (Wagner Hardin-Pierce, 2014). As the result, the function of the pulmonary gas exchange improves and the symptoms of the dyspnoea decreases.the oxygen level in the blood is increased and the requirement for the tissue perfusion is improved by the oxygen therapy (Powell, Graham, OReilly Punton, 2016). Optimally, a pulse oximetry has been used for monitoring the effectiveness of oxygen therapy disposal provided to Mrs. Brown. Mrs. Brown has been placed in the high Fowler position while her feet is dangling at the bedside, which improves the gas exchange function and the ventilation by enhancing her thoracic capacity (Gallagher, 2012). Moreover, the cardiac preload caused by the ineffective systematic circulation is decreased by this particular position. During diastole, the blood amount returning to the left ventricle gets less overfilled, as a result of the decreased return of venous (Wagner Hardin-Pierce, 2014). Consequently, this improves the LV performance. Furosemide is one of the loop diuretic drugs. The reabsorption of the chloride and the sodium ions into the interstitial fluid from the loops inhibited by the direct working of the ascending loops medullary part of Henle, which result into a hypotonic interstitial fluid environment (Bullock Manias, 2013). The reduction of the pulmonary venous pressure is helped by the Furosemide, by circulating the oedemous fluid, which can be responsible for resulting to the optimal exchange of gas. The intravascular volume is decreased by this which can lead to a reduction of return of venous to the preload and LV. This can benefit the improvement of the cardiac output by allowing the overfilled LV to constrict more effectively by the reduced venous return (Gallagher, 2012). The electrolyte imbalances and the dehydration are affected by the common adverse. The main affected electrolyte is the potassium ions and imbalances in the potassium level can lead to cardiac dysrhythmias, hypokalaemia and co nfusions in aged patients (Riley, 2013). Thus, the nurses are suggested to monitor and document the fluid and electrolyte status of the patient, prior to begin the therapy of intravenous (IV) furosemide. The IV furosemide usage on an aged patient needs to be as low dose as possible, and generally not more than 4mg per minute not to cause ototoxicity. The patient needs to be monitored frequently for dizziness, headache, dry mouth and loss of skin turgor as the signs of dehydration. For further advice, these symptoms are needed to be documented and reported to the doctors (Bullock Manias, 2013). Glyceryl trinitrate is one of the peripheral vasodilator drugs, which is absorbed by the endothelial cells of the wall of the blood vessel and transformed into nitric oxide (NO) in the vascular muscle. The activation of the second manager system depended on calcium is stimulated by the NO for releasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate thatalerts the myosins activity resulted into the dilating of the blood vessels (Gallagher, 2012). The NO levels in the vascular smooth muscle, which is responsible for the activation of the vasodilatation, is increased by the glyceryl trinitrate. This results into the systematic vascular response (SVR) and reduction of venous return that further results into decreased cardiac preload and cardiac after load. Dilating the pulmonary vasculature is acted by this which is responsible for the result of the increase in venous capacitance (Gallagher, 2012). The facial flushing, hypotension and the headache is caused by the common adverse. The blood pressure that is resulted from the reduced SVR is decreased by glyceryl trinitrate. Thus, is considered to be important to observe the blood pressure of the patient frequently, every 5 to 10 minutes for avoiding the systematic hypotension. The nurses are required to document and report to the doctors immediately, if a large reduction in the systolic blood pressure can be seen in the patient (Riley, 2013). Reference: Bullock, S., Manias, E. (2013). Fundamental of Pharmacology (7th ed.). Pearson Australia. Copstead, L., Banasik, J. (2013). Pathophysiology (5th ed.). Elsevier Astralia. Craft, J., Gordon, C. (2015). Understanding Pathophysiology (2nd ed.). Chatswood, Australia: Elsevier Australia. Fenwick, R. (2015). Mnagaement of acute heart failure in the emergency department. Emergency Nurse. 23(8), 26-35. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1784630412/fulltextPDF/A56CA91C5E14460PQ/1?accountid=36155 Gallagher, R. (2012). Problems of oxygenation: perfusion. In Brown, D., Edwards, H. (3rd edition.). Lewiss medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems. (pp. 883-898). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Australia. McCance, K., Huether, S. (2014). Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th edi.). Elsevier Australia. Powell, J., Graham, D., oReilly, S., Punton, G. (2016). Acute pulmonary oedema. Nursing Standard. 30(23),51. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.comezproxy.uws.edu.au/docview/1784938311.fulltext/71A552B44E73PQ/1?accountid=36155 Riley, J. (2013). Acute decompensate heart failure: diagnosis and management. British Journal of Nursing. 22(22), 1290-1295. Retrieved from https://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer?sid=c609c3a5-1919-41fc-8ff8-eac9facfea9f%40sessionmgr4009vid=5hid=4201 Wagner, K., Hardin-Pierce, M. (2014). High-acuity nursing (6th ed.). Upper saddle river, New Jersey: Pearson.

The Sound of Revenge free essay sample

Chamillionaires major album debut â€Å"The Sound of Revenge† proves he is one of the Souths hottest new artists. The previous SwishaHouse emcee knows how to step up his game. He is quick-tongued and can nab a hook with perfect timing. He may not be like Slim Thug or Mike Jones but he knows how to spit a verse and can polish it off tastefully, like in â€Å"Rain.† Cham knows how to write raps that will keep running through your head. Just listen to â€Å"Southern Takeover† or â€Å"Frontin,† one of my favorites, or when he tears the track up with Layzie Bone in â€Å"Ridin.† Despite those songs, this album isnt quite on the level of some of his independent work. Cham isnt making music on his own anymore and relies too much on his guests. Regardless, with his smoking beats and clever tongue, Chamillionaires album brings his Southern game to the multitudes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sound of Revenge or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Machavelli Essays - Machiavellianism, Niccol Machiavelli, The Prince

Machavelli Machiavelli and the President Lately, the president of the United States Bill Clinton, has pursued some policies that have been very unpopular not only with the general public but the electorate as well. Besides the whole Monica ordeal he feels that these unpopular policies will effect the results of the next election. The presidential advisors have formulated countless plans but no plan has seemed to work. One idea would be to leave the unpopular policies as they are because of the president and advisors belief that they are the best for the country. Another option would be to just present the unpopular policies in a new way to maybe change public opinion on them. Still another would be to just ignore the policies and concentrate on the election. No matter what option , if any, should be chosen one must be thought up quick and it must not only address the problem but solve it and fast. Since I have recently learned about Machiavelli and his work titled The Prince I feel his opinions would help to influence some decisions for the president and his advisors. A first and very important view of Machiavelli would be his view of the prince and his advisors. ?It is an infallible rule that a prince who is not wise himself cannot be well advised.?(p.117) As it is up to the prince to be well advised it is also up to the president to be well advised as well. The president's advisors, as well as the president, are not sure what actions to take, which in Machiavelli's view would not be a good characteristic of a leader and as a result would not help gain friendship of the people. Good relationship with the people is one of his greatest points because without the people there is no leader. The leader, the president, must have the support of the people and if not he will not stay in power long. The president is not doing a good job of this because of his very unpopular policies. Machiavelli would never choose to just continue on the same path and peruse unpopular policies. ?It is necessary for a prince to possess the friendship; otherwise he has no recourse in times of adversity.?(p.65) In response to this he would abandon the unpopular policies and concentrate on winning the election, keeping the people happy. Not only should the leader concentrate on the present and the future but consider the past. ? The prince ought to read history and study the actions of eminent men, examine the causes of their victories and defeat in order to imitate the former and avoid the latter.?(p.82) History is bound to repeat itself if not watched very carefully. The leader must avoid repeating the blunders of the past and take note of the victories preceding him. Another view that would help the president out in his policies would be Machiavelli's view on boldness. The leader is far better of to be bold instead of cautious. If you expect for the worse and be prepared for bad times even if its not the best strategy you will be better off in the long run. ?For if it happens that time and circumstances are favourable to one who acts with caution and prudence he will be successful, but if time and circumstances change he will be ruined, because he does not change his mode of procedure.?(p. 121) The leader must at all times be prepared for the worst so he does not get caught off guard and make the people mad. If these views of Machiavelli seem straight forward or to direct maybe Leo Strauss or J.G.A. Pocock could explain these methods of leadership to the president. Pocock would elaborate on the subject of historical awareness. He could help the president understand that we have to look to our past to help better ourselves for the future. Strauss on the hand would compare Machiavelli to the greeks and thier writtings. He would go in depth though about how the greeks, Mr. T in particular, were kings in understatements while Machiavelli was very straightforward in his writtings. After presenting these views to the president I hope my knowledge of Machiavelli and his way of thinking could help influence the policies in place and maybe help the president win the up coming election. Maybe after my essay is read and I graduate Southwest Texas with a Political Science degree maybe I could get a job at the White House and someday take over

War Of Roses essays

War Of Roses essays 1. The main players of the War between the Roses Henry VI became King of England at the young age of one, succeeding his father Henry V. He was incapable of following in his mighty predecessor's footsteps. Fractions in the court dominated him all his life. Margaret was the daughter of the powerful French noble Rene of Anjou, was married to Henry VI to strengthen ties with France. She was beautiful, fiery, blunt, and was a loyal friend as well as a dangerous enemy. Her blatant favoritism caused much resentment in England, and set sparks which would later flare up into the Wars of the Roses. Somerset escalated the clash between the two families enormously. He was the bastard grandson of John of Gaunt and one of the King's closest relations, who handled a great amount of power. He supported King Henry VI and the Queen during the King's breakdown. William de la Pole was a magnate of moderate power who came to exercise much control in the Lancastrian circle. Richard Plantagenet was a man of many titles and lands who was filled with a passion to raise his family to what he saw as their proper due. He was also the father of Edward IV and Richard III. His relationship with King Henry was amiable at first and his claim to the throne was considered strong enough for him to become heir to Henry VI. Salisbury staunchly stood by York at all times, even when York later endangered both of them with his arrogance. His devotion was paid back by death. Richard, the Earl of Warwick, was the most powerful noble ever seen in England. Richard was York's nephew and a firm defender of that party, continuing to fight alongside his cousin Edward after York's death. He eventually was the person who placed Edward on the throne. Edward IV, Earl of March, was handsome and skilled. He fought by his father's side during the early years of the Wars of the Roses. When his father was killed at Wakefield, he became leader of the Yorkist cause. In...

Marketing Mix & Complete Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Mix & Complete Plan - Essay Example Introduction Consumption of healthy food is an important aspect of staying health and controlling major diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, dental problem among other lifestyle related diseases. Many people have been enlightened and are avoiding unhealthy foods. In Canadians are fond of tasty desserts like cakes and ice creams but their major concern is the problems caused by high level sugar consumption especially diabetes and tooth cavity. It is estimated that about 9 million people have diabetic related health complication with at least 20 new diagnoses per hour (Canadian Diabetes Association n.d.). As a result of this, various desert and Ice Cream Company have shifted to use of other sweeteners but most of them have side effects. Xylitol is a sweetener from plant materials with less calories and glucose as compared to sugar thus preventing tooth decay and lowering amount of blood sugar Michelle, A. (n.d.). This paper will critically analyze a Canadian dessert company in regard to their xylitol based products, their target market, positioning, market segmentation and the four elements of market mix. Components of marketing mix Marketing mix comprises various activities undertaken by an organization that is targeting to produce products for a specific group of people (module- 5 n.d.). For instance the Canadian dessert company target urban resident who are aged between twenty years and fifty years who work in various sectors. This is a group of people who are energetic, self-assured, inquisitive, and adventuresome, like socializing and are also healthy conscious. The company then strategizes on providing the customers preferred products, at an appropriate price and distribution channels (Owomoyela, Olasunkanmi and Oyeniyi 2013). The company is also able to reach the target group through marketing and advertising (module-5 n.d.). A good strategy should ensure that the company satisfies the target customers while still meeting its objectives (Owomoye la, Olasunkanmi and Oyeniyi 2013). Product development Product is the most important element of marketing mix plan that a company offer to is target customers and must have unique characteristics that distinguish it from its competitors. Characteristics such as brand name, superiority, freshness, and contents, taste, appearances, wrapping, and writings influences the customers decisions(Owomoyela, Olasunkanmi and Oyeniyi 2013). In Canada, the major prevailing health problem and is attributed to uptake of products containing high sugar content is diabetes and tooth cavity. Most people are worried about these problems are careful about sugar content of their foods. Most companies are tapping into this by providing products that contain alternative sweeteners such as Xylitol. One such company is Montreal, Which is Xylitol- based dessert company that produces ice cream and cakes. The company will offer different range of cakes and ice cream that fit their customers’ needs to eat delicious desserts with lower quantities of sugar. These products will help to boost its competitive advantages compared to other dessert houses that offer similar products but has high sugar content or use other alternative sweeteners that have side effects. The Montreal Company will conduct extensive market research in order to produce quality products for its target customer. According to

Market Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Analysis and Evaluation of an Advertisement Essay

Analysis and Evaluation of an Advertisement - Essay Example Further downwards are the following lines of text respectively; ‘Starrex Music Phones’, ‘Customized playlists’ and ‘Sound effects’. These texts are in white. On the background of the above texts are other two lines of text in black, ‘Mix your Music ‘, ‘Karaoke’ The advertisement is neatly designed with the four dancers in positioning themselves in along a curve with the central two appearing much larger than the other two on the extremes. The space in the advert is optimally utilized with both the texts and the images covering about three-quarters of the advertisement pages. The color use in the advert is deep orange in the background especially behind the text and on the upper sections of the beautiful sky. At the centre of the advertisement page are the shades of brown and white which extent to some parts of the sky. As to the effect of the advertisement display; it targets the youth population. The advertisement presents a colorful and a busy display due to the evidently vigorous dance and the fiery coloration of the deep orange just adds to this effect. Because of these aspects, this advertisement presents a wonderful cutting edge presentation that impacts a great deal on the viewer. All these attributes of the advertisement talk a lot of the modernity and such appeal to a larger extent to the youth (Nicolosi 80). To emphasize this, the advertisement persuades the audience to obtain the displayed phone type so as to be in control of their own entertainment, through managing their own customized playlists and being able to mix their own music karaoke. The logical appeal of the advertisement with regard to the logos is great. This is because the consistency and clarity of the message being conveyed, ‘an awesome and joyous experience with respect to entertainment from such a phone’, is the eve emphasized by both the images and colors. Next, with respect to the

Syrian Refugees in Canada and Cosmopolitanism

Syrian Refugees in Canada and Cosmopolitanism Cosmopolitanism, Global Citizenship, and Syrian Refugees in Canada Introduction Canada, as a nation, pledged globally to take in 25,000 Syrian refugees before February 2016 with this initiative being ongoing (Government of Canada, 2017). This policy has left the nation divided on Canada’s roles and responsibilities within the global community. While there has been extensive media attention drawn to the United States of America’s recent problematic policies pertaining to immigration and security, the global community has been led to believe that Canada is a progressive and accepting nation. However, a study conducted in 2016 by the Angus Reid Institute and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation found that Canadians aren’t as accepting and globally conscious as the Federal Government’s rhetoric has led global citizens to believe. This study found that 79% of Canadians felt that priority should be given to Canada’s own economic and workforce needs over the prioritization of people in crisis abroad (Proctor, 2016). Furthermore, 68% of Canadians believed that minorities should do more to fit in with mainstream Canadian/American society (Proctor, 2016). As both of these polls reveal strong nationalistic ways of thinking, the cosmopolitanism and global citizenship of Canadian citizens may be debated. As cosmopolitanism is the ideology of all human-beings being a part of a global community, having a shared set of morals, rights, and mutual responsibilities; such poll results encourage the exploration of the varying challenges and limitations of globalization. With the global community and global events continuing to become more interlinked due to market deregulation, climactic events, security instability, and transportation technologies; an increased emphasis needs to be placed on the duality of cosmopolitanism with individuals being encouraged to situate themselves within a global setting. It is through elaborating on this ideology that the contrast between centripetal geopolitical forces towards and the opposin g centrifugal forces that have deeply divided geography and history may be challenged.   Cosmopolitanism, Globalization, and Global Citizenship The ideology of cosmopolitanism has continually evolved throughout time, being debated as to the nature of its affiliation with globalization, nationalism, privilege, and global citizenship. As it was first theorized in Ancient Greece, cosmopolitanism was viewed as a manner in which an individual’s loyalty lay not solely with the state or the relationships of kin and community, but with a universal shared identity – furthermore, becoming a ‘citizen of the universe’. This ideology of one belonging to a global community, as opposed to a nation-state has been discussed and debated across various works, with each theorist contributing to the narrative of what cosmopolitanism is and how it is subsequently linked to nationalism. With cosmopolitanism and nationalism occurring concurrently, the manner of scale in which each exist has been examined and evaluated. With global interactions becoming increasingly interconnected due to neoliberal policy and shared markets, the relation between individual, state, and identity has been increasingly discussed over the past two decades. It is due to such recent institutional structures and change that scholar Pheng Cheah argues that cosmopolitanism is dependent and sustained by the state or institution. As Cheah views current institutions to have a global reach in their regulatory function, she further theorizes that power is embedded within regulation and that political consciousness or solidarity is dependent state functions, of which can be further influenced by the individual. Her writing further builds upon the theories of Immanuel Kant who initially viewed cosmopolitanism as having four central modalities. These pillars of cosmopolitanism included: (1) a world federation as the legal and political institutional basis for cosmopolitanism as a form of right; (2) the historical basis of cosmopolitanism in world trade; (3) the idea of a global public sphere; and (4) the importance of cosmopolitan culture in instilling a sense of belonging to humanity. However, while several of Kant’s theoretical foundations are still applicable today, the majority of his work does not yield answer for current global circumstances. Due to his work originating in the 18th century, his ideologies were unable to reflect upon the current globalized state of cosmopolitanism. As Kant believed that state had a fundamental role in the moral-cultural education of its citizens, his work did not take into account the individual agency and the violence imposed on various groups- further limiting the notion of global citizenship. Such ideologies of cosmopolitanism being dependent on the state are further contested in the works of fellow cosmopolitan theorist Keely Badger. As her work in response to Kant highlights the ethnic, religious and racial conflicts that continue to degrade life quality, human rights and freedom – she highlights that cosmopolitanism is based on an individual’s education and their feelings of obligation to mankind, free of external government or temporal power. Contrary to the formalized structures presented by Cheah, Badger views cosmopolitanism as being dependent on conversations across boundaries of identity – including national, religious or other; further allowing for an evolving cosmopolitan worldview. Furthermore, Badger emphasizes human plurality of being of the highest value, as well as, through discrediting state violence. Her work continues to further call cosmopolitanism to be centered upon a need for the toleration of the beliefs of others and what one may fail to understand. This notion of individual agency is also agreed upon and addressed in Cheah’s work, as she addresses cosmopolitanism in respect to the relation between cosmopolitanism and nationalism. Due to Cheah highlighting a distinction between the normativity of morality and that of cosmopolitan right, she argues that cosmopolitanism is not identical to moral freedom but is merely an institutional vehicle for its actualization. While this indicates that cosmopolitanism is not necessarily opposed to nationalism, her writing shows that solidarity associated with cosmopolitanism is not affiliated with national character. Therefore, her view of cosmopolitanism is not opposed to nationalism but to absolute statism. While both articles present the limitations to nationalism and the potential violence that has resulted from nation-state tendencies, Cheah and Badger call for the role of non-government organizations (NGOs) to fill a leadership role in our agglomerated world. Both authors theorize that such organizations have a role to administer international cooperation, economic development, international law, and human rights. However, the authors discuss potential limitations of such organizations, of which can be exemplified in Badger’s critique of the United Nations and how the organization walks a fine line between exercising its governance power and working within the confines of conflicting sovereignties. While the work of Cheah does not mention grass-roots initiatives, Badger’s article goes on to call for the need of grass-roots NGOs to combat the rampant neoliberal capitalism that has propagated globally since the 1990s. However, she further theorizes that this manner of overcoming neoliberalism can only be sustained through continual consciousness transcending and overcoming the constraining rhetoric presented by nationalism/statism driven by corporations, as well as nation states. Therefore, it is suggested that cosmopolitanism is distanced from the state and nationalistic identification, as cosmopolitanism from below via normative and politically oriented forms of social action are determined to be more powerful in cultivating a shared cosmopolitan consciousness. Nevertheless, this argument is challenged within limitations of Cheah’s writing as she questions who is privileged as being cosmopolitan and how are transnational underclasses or marginalized groups limited from participating in such ideologies and what constitutes as legitimate solidarity. As the works go onto later agree that social and political movements are needed to challenge nationalistic thinking through the use of non-violent institutional groundings and uprising in attempt to disrupt political loyalties, allegiances, and group identities. Such anarchic ideologies of social disruption are later discussed in the work of Badger, as she highlights the potential usage of social media and the Internet for physical mobilization of cosmopolitan resistance, as well as, facilitating uprisings from below. Such examples in the writing included anti-sweatshop campaigns, democratic revolutions, and shifting conscience of the global community. As both Cheah and Badger discuss the anarchistic nature of cosmopolitanism, this ideology is further built upon in the work of Graham Maddox. As he initially highlights cosmopolitanism’s love for mankind and the rejection of state imposed thinking- his writing contrasts the work of the other author’s, stating that ‘the [average] cosmopolitan’ is a pacifist at heart. His work goes on to challenge the previous writing of Cheah and Badger, highlighting that while the global population has become more interconnected due to globalization- this may have resulted in the rise of nationalistic ideologies and xenophobia. His writing goes on to exemplify this concept by highlighting the prominence of global terrorism and the impact this has had on minority populations in Australia. As global consciousness has the potential to make people nervous and resentful, there may be a shift from cosmopolitan thinking often resulting in increased xenophobia with vulnerable groups becoming scape goats for the public to inflict violence upon.   Similar to the work of Cheah, he addresses the role of capitalism and neoliberalism in relation the power struggle with corporate or nationalistic power often prevailing, resulting in the will of the people receding – addressing the masculine nature of Western dominant thought and hegemony. While Maddox’s work address cosmopolitanism in Australia, a nation that has followed a similar colonial narrative as Canada – his work has tied in closely to fellow theorist, Jean-Francois Caron. While the work of Caron agrees with the other theorists that cosmopolitanism can be seen as a superior to national patriotism in regards to the inclusion, she highlights that this idealistic moral posture of cosmopolitanism has no chance of replacing national identities. As she highlights that while national identities are not static and remain intangible throughout time, it is through national narratives and collective mentalities that circumstances are challenged and limits are reinterpreted. Similar to the work of Maddox her work highlights Canada’s cosmopolitan worldview in relation to the nation’s colonial history, adding that it was a distrust of American culture and a sense of ‘moral superiority’ that led to Canada’s national rhetoric being reinforced. While she highlights the nation’s identity as being inherently anti-American, she also gives praise to Canada’s sense of multiculturalism – stating it as a success story, contrary to other countries where such diversity often results in violence. This is later exemplified as she goes on further proclaim that immigrants coming to Canada are welcomed to society and that inter-racial marriage serves as a benchmark for Canada’s openness. However, her thoughts in relation to Canada’s rooted cosmopolitan nature can be challenged due to this work being problematic, failing to account for the complexities of multiculturalism, the experiences of minority individuals, and the continued need for Canada to be more globally consciousness and welcoming of foreigners. The shortcomings and complexities presented within the work of the four cosmopolitan theorists can be further exemplified and expanded upon through an evaluation of Canadians society’s worldviews and realities in relation to the intake of Syrian refugees. As Canada is proclaimed to be one of the most multicultural and globally conscious nations in the world, it is necessary for Canadians to reflect inward to question how we situate ourselves globally, as well as to critically examine the ‘#refugeeswelcome’ initiative. Syrian Refugees in Canada The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that 960,000 refugees are currently in need of resettlement in a third country (Martin, 2016). These are refugees who, according to the UNHCR, can neither return to their country of origin nor integrate into their country of first asylum (Martin, 2016). Together, the international community has committed to resettle around 80,000 refugees each year with Canada resettling approximately 10% of this total (Government of Canada, 2017). The Canadian government’s current goal is to resettle between 8% and 12% of all refugees (Government of Canada, 2017). Several factors contributed to the Canadian public’s initial response to the Syrian refugee crisis, including public outcry for support following the death of Ayan Kurdi, a Syrian child who drown while travelling by boat from Turkey to Greece a child of a family that had been refused resettlement to Canada; and, the 2015 national election serving as a platfo rm for all prime ministerial candidates to debate the ideology of  accepting refugees openly. Similar to the ideologies relating to media and the Internet presented in the article of Badger, this serves as an example of how cosmopolitan media has resulted in public conscientiousness and outcry. However, this also exemplifies the limitations of global citizenship presented by Maddox and Cheah as to how migration has become a political issue with bureaucrats, policy makers, and citizens (in a limited manner) determining who can and can’t be a citizen of a country or the world. At this time, Canadian citizens also wanted the federal government to match the rhetoric of Canadian identity as compassionate, openly engaged in the international community and open to newcomers.   The newly elected government’s commitment to resettle Syrians was primarily driven by the momentum of the election, and later by the need to demonstrate the new government’s capacity to swiftly implement promises. It is through this shift in political being that Cheah’s theory of the state being made up of the citizens may be illustrated due to the majority of Canadian voters presenting more liberal or globally conscious values. The Canadian government further committed to resettling more than 25,000 Syrian refugees specifically between November, 2015 and February, 2016 with commitments extending into 2017 (Government of Canada, 2017). To date, a total of 40,081 Syrian refugees have resettled across 350 Canadian communities since the initiative was first introduced in 2015 (Government of Canada, 2017). Of these Syrian refugees 21,876 are Government Assisted, meaning that the government will provide the refugee (and their family, if applicable) with accommodation, clothing, food, assistance finding employment, and other resettlement assistance for one year or until they are able to support themselves (Government of Canada, 2017). A further 3,931Syrian refugees were resettled as Blended Visa-Referred Refugees, being selected by the UNHCR with further support being provided by the federal government and private sponsors (Government of Canada, 2017). The remaining 14,274 Syrian refugees are privately sponsored (Government of Canada, 2017). While the number of privately sponsored refugees has increased over recent years the Canadian government has decreased the number of Syrian refugees that are privately sponsored, further limiting the number of refugees allowed to resettle in the country. It is through this permissive nature of allocating the number of citizens Canada allows within its borders, that the notion of cosmopolitanism is challenged by nationalism. As the world is theorized to be interacting on a global scale, the use of borders, immigration, and political discourse pertaining to the acceptance or bigotry towards Syrian refugees remains problematic. This connects with both Badger and Cheah’s theories as this highlights the role government plays in regulating global citizenship and movement. Through disallowing privately sponsored refugees into the country, this top-down approach challenges the bottom-up outcry and mobilization to increase the number of refugees coming into the country. While the government presents the ‘#refugeeswelcome’ rhetoric, through limiting the number of total refugees permitted into the country this representation of ‘welcoming’ may be challenged in a cosmopolitan context. With matching and arrival times between the initial phase of the program from November 2015 to February 2016 being quick, an unrealistic expectation for private individuals or groups waiting to be matched with a new coming refugee family has resulted (Marwah, 2016). Now that the target of 25,000 Syrian Refugees has been met, the process has significantly slowed down, leaving various parties on a waiting list to provide sponsorship (Marwah, 2016).   Other groups that were matched in this process have still been waiting for refugees to arrive, with some groups being stuck with empty rented apartments, have wasted resources, and are struggling with the sponsorship morale (Marwah, 2016). Additionally, further challenges exist keeping sponsors engaged and motivated as they may not be matched until the end of the year (Marwah, 2016).  This can be associated with the article of Karen Badger as her theology highlights the need for individual consciousness and a conscious civil society. Through citizens being disallowed from sponsoring a refugee, this may potentially discourage sponsorship and result in a reduction of ‘cosmopolitan thinking’ – further encouraging ‘the pacifist’ theorized by Graham Maddox. While there is a need for the Canadian Government to articulate the complexities and the timing of a resettlement initiative of this scale, this process of refugee intake needs to be re-evaluated. With complex decision-making and political structures being overseen increased communication among partnering agencies, as well as, further patience and commitment to support refugees is needed.   There is also a need for Canadian society to reflect upon the nature of which the country accepts refugees. While there is a stark difference between the services and preconception of Syrian and non-Syrian refugees, there is a need for increased attention as to the dualistic nature of the acceptance of refugees. Primarily this difference can be seen as Syrian refugees who arrived after the Liberal government came to power do not in contrast to refugees of other nationalities and previous Syrian refugees have to repay the government’s travel loan which enabled their journey to Canada (McMurdo, 2016). While the theory of Caron highlights a multicultural nation, full of welcoming and accepting individuals (as opposed to the USA), this does not accredit the challenges refugees may face upon re-settling. This may be related to this two-tiered system of refugee intake, as the nation ‘being cosmopolitan’ was quick to respond to the Syrian ‘crisis’ yet was not ‘globally conscious’ as to the needs and backgrounds of past refugees. Furthermore, while non-Syrian refugees have arrived with debt and hundreds of cases to slowly make their way through the resettlement process, some Syrian refugees have been expedited and arrived in Canada with special treatment, loan free (Marwah, 2016). By putting forward a helpful and empathetic view towards the Syrian population, the government has effectively created two classes of refugees, disregarding fairness and equality towards all marginalized refugee groups. Others, including the private sector and social services have followed suit in offering various benefits to newly arriving Syrians to Canada. Yet, this welcome has the effect of making invisible any other refugees (Marwah, 2016). With the recent terror attacks throughout the world, and the resulting rhetoric of islamophobia, the initiative to resettle Syrians to Canada has become an increasingly debated topic among Canadians. Similar to the work of Maddox, this notion of uncertainty, fear, and xenophobia have been present in Canada in regards to the intake of refugees. Due to security in the resettlement processing has becoming a point of public contention, the Liberal government has shared and updated regular information/data to ease the fears of Canadian citizens.  However, this has not limited the number of hate crimes and racist violence imposed on minority groups (refugee or not). As the nation fears uncertainty, and has been negatively influenced by media portraying terroristic events abroad, the way Canada situates itself within the global setting could become more conscious and aware of the limitation of such thinking. Also, disappointingly, settlement services in Canada have not yet received the same support from the government as was offered in physically resettling the refugees to Canada (McMurdo, 2016). With a huge and rapid influx of refugees, settlement services have been stretched beyond capacity, without sufficient resources to adequately address the refugees’ needs, or the time to invest in additional fundraising (McMurdo, 2016).   As a result of the scale of arrivals, enrolling the refugees in language classes and/or schools and allocating housing, along with other basic services has proven challenging (McMurdo, 2016). Certain refugees have been staying in temporary accommodation for weeks longer than usual (McMurdo, 2016). The private sector and civil society have played an active role in responding to the needs of the thousands of Syrian arrivals and to fill this gap (McMurdo, 2016).   Further training is needed for professionals to support this specific group of people and their varied needs, particularly government-assisted refugees, who have greater needs and vulnerabilities (McMurdo, 2016). Therefore, like the works of the theorists discussed in the earlier half of the paper, there is a need for civil consciousness and the support of non-government organizations and community groups to implement the services government falls short of providing. Through this anarchistic nature of cosmopolitanism and overall shared responsibility of our fellow countrymen (and women) or ‘global neighbours’, the limitations of nationalism and neoliberal globalization can be continually contested and reframed. By allowing individuals to take ownership of their behaviours on a domestic and international scale, the cosmopolitan revolution may continue to occur, further limiting the nationalistic fear and xenophobia shift the globe may current be seeing.   Conclusion As the global population continues to be more interlinked, the theology of cosmopolitanism will continue to change and be reframed through future years. While it may seem that the ‘global citizen’ is being challenged ‘the most’ in recent years due to shifts towards nationalistic thinking and hate crimes increasing, the potential for globally conscious, aware citizens needs to be promoted. While this may be best done at a grass-roots, individualistic level – the potential for positive change may result. With the rhetoric surrounding Canadians and Syrian refugees might not being as ‘accepting’ as the government wants the nation to perceive it to be, increased education and interaction between Canadians and our newest refugee citizens (Syrian or not) yields the potential to break down the barriers of nationalism, further preventing ‘us’ from seeing the benefit of diversity and acceptance. Bibliography Badger, K. (2015). Cosmopolitanism and Globalization: A Project of Collectivity. Caron, J.-F. (2012). Rooted Cosmopolitanism in Canada and Quebec. National Identities, 14(4), 351–366. http://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2011.616954 Cheah, P. (2006). Cosmopolitanism. Theory, culture & society, 23(2-3), 486-496. Government of Canada. (2017). #WelcomeRefugees: Key Figures. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/refugees/welcome/milestones.asp Maddox, G. (2015). Cosmopolitanism. Social Alternatives, 34(1), 3. Martin, S. F. (2016). Rethinking Protection of Those Displaced by Humanitarian Crises. TheAmerican Economic Review, 106(5), 446-450. Marwah, S. (2016, Summer). Syrian refugees in Canada: lessons learned and insights gained. Ploughshares Monitor, 37(2), 9+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/ps/i.do?p=CPI&sw=w&u=uvictoria&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA459227943&asid=4c7546bee52ffbb9988d6f7497ecf8c7 McMurdo, A. B. (2016). Causes and consequences of Canadas resettlement of Syrian refugees. Forced Migration Review, 1(52), 82-84. Proctor, J. (2016). CBC-Angus Reid Institute poll: Canadians want minorities to do more to fit in. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/poll-canadians-multiculturalism-immigrants-1.3784194

Psycho-Sexual Reading of The Fall of the House of Usher Essay -- Fall

Psycho-Sexual Reading of The Fall of the House of Usher      Ã‚  Ã‚   The idea that "The Fall of the House of Usher" is in part an investigation into sexual motivation and sexual guilt complexes has often been hinted at but never critically pursued as the dominant theme in the tale. But such a reading is at least prepared for in important essays by D. H. Lawrence and Allen Tate which make the essential recognition that "The Fall of the House of Usher" is a "love" story (1). Lawrence and Tate, however, mistakenly attempt to purge the love concerned of all physical meaning. What they see Usher wanting is possession not of Madeline's body but her very being (Lawrence, p. 86). Theirs is essentially an anti-biological reading of the tale in which the Poe hero tries in self-love "to turn the soul of the heroine into something like a physical object which can be known in direct cognition" (fate, p. 115). But if "The Fall of the House of Usher" is a drama of cognition, its cognitive impact is not circumscribed by "metaphysical speculation on the i dentity of matter and spirit" (2).    In this connection, Patrick F. Quinn's suggestion that Usher is a criminal merits attention (3). He is, in a biological reading of the story, a sexual criminal, and a critic like Richard Wilbur, who suggests that the poetic soul is out to "shake off this temporal, rational, physical world and escape . . . to a realm of unfettered vision," lifts us out of rather than urges us into the depths which humanity in the person of Usher has touched (4). Caroline Gordon and Allen Tate are closer to the truth when they call [column 2:] Usher "a 'Gothic' character taken seriously" and when they view "The Fall of the House of Usher" as "a serious story of moral perv... ...267. (5) Caroline Gordon and Allen Tate, The Ho?`se of Fiction (New York: Scribner's, 1960), p. 53. (6) See Albert Mordell's comment on the tale and Usher in The Erotic Motive in Literature, rev. ed. (New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 173: "As we learn from psycho-analysis, morbid fear is inhibited sexual desire; it is reaction against the libido." [column 2:] (7) The editors of The Literature of The United States (Chicago: Scott-Foresman, 1949), p. 317, note 17, favor the more familiar explanation which links the doctor with a gang of body-snatchers. Thus Usher chooses to entomb his sister in the vaults of the house rather than in the family graveyard. (8) Darrel Abel, "A Key to The House of Usher," rpt. in Interpretations of American Literature, ed. Charles Feidelson, Jr. and Paul Brodtkorb, Jr. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 53.

Crafty madness Essay

Hamlet’s situation in the play concerning family and love for Ophelia is obviously going to affect him, however the term madness has been questioned as too dramatic and perhaps a more accurate condition to describe Hamlet’s behaviour is melancholic behaviour. Melancholic behaviour is a condition causing emotional insanity accompanied by extreme depression. Many incidents and speeches of Hamlet are similar to melancholic behaviour: King: † Was not like madness. There’s something in his soul, O’er which his melancholy sits on brood.† (Act 3, Scene 1) Although this term is not commonly used these days, in the past and still in Shakespeare’s period melancholic behaviour was a recognised condition. Further support that melancholic behaviour was commonly termed in the 16th century comes from Timothy Bright’s: ‘Treatise of Melancholy’ (1586): † The perturbations of melancholy are for the most part sad and fearful†¦as distrust, doubt, diffidence or despair sometimes furious and sometimes merry in appearance, through a kind of sardonic and false laughter as the humour is disposed that procureth these diversions.† Therefore not only would Shakespeare be familiar with this behaviour but the audience of the time would also identify it. This condition could be identified by symptoms Hamlet shows for example, Hamlet with good reason displays suits of woe, he sighs and his: ‘dejected ‘haviour of the visage’ (Act 1, scene 2) In particular after Hamlet has spoken to his father’s ghost he begins to feel paranoid, he even distrusts the ghost at first not only that but the purity of Ophelia and his own inability to act. Other relevant symptoms include the fury towards his Mother because of her marriage and his sardonic joking with the players from ‘The Murder of Gonzago’ and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The theory of melancholic behaviour is suggestible and rational especially as it was a recognised condition at the time the play was written, however, it doesn’t explain enough of Hamlet’s behaviour or the language, which is used to portray it. In some parts of the play Hamlet talks to other characters and appears to be ‘mad’ when he is obviously not. For example in Act 2, scene 2 Hamlet seems to patronize Polonius by answering his questions in a way he is clearly in control of: Polonius: â€Å"Do you know me my Lord?† Hamlet: â€Å"Excellent well, you are a fishmonger,† Hamlet obviously knows Polonius, but as Polonius has asked him this question as if he were mad Hamlet answers as if he were mad, but clearly just to humour him. This is supported by Hamlet’s statement as Polonius leaves the room: â€Å"These tedious old fools† (Line 219) Hamlet also taunts Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and leads them astray by what they realise as, â€Å"Crafty madness†. To add to this the way in which Hamlet expresses his feelings to his Mother all suggest his behaviour and the way he talks to people isn’t madness but excuse to act how he feels and speak his mind in a court where no one speaks the truth. This style of Hamlet’s is allusively presented in his language which also through his ‘madness’ is allowed to be more rich and creative rather than aristocratic like the other characters. Hamlet uses many proverbial sayings and puns in the play. The authenticity of Hamlet’s madness is a mystery that cannot be solved, this is perhaps why the play is enjoyed by the audience so much, the huge sense of mystery and uncertainty surrounding Hamlet’s madness is a main attraction of the play. It is possible that Hamlet is suffering from madness of some sort as my essay suggests perhaps ‘melancholic behaviour’, or the anger and jealousy Hamlet feels is just too much for him to conceal. However it is also possible that Hamlet’s behaviour is ‘madness’ put on by himself, there is evidence to support this theory as everyone in the play who states that Hamlet is mad has like himself got reason to imply this. Hamlet has stated that he would consider putting on an ‘antic disposition’ as a disguise to conceal his revenge plot against Claudius. It is also a very significant point that the play of Hamlet is not a true story and consequently Hamlet is not a real character/personality in real life, therefore Shakespeare was able to present him and make him seem however, he wished to. It is possible and likely that Shakespeare intended to present Hamlet’s madness in this ambiguous way giving almost equal reason for Hamlet to be genuinely mad as there is for him to be ‘acting mad.’

Free Essays on Gay

How do most couples show the world that they are in a loving, devoted, committed relationship? How does one express that they want to spend the rest of their life with one particular person? This is normally done through a marriage, celebrated by a wedding, certified by a marriage license. Homosexuals are human; therefore they are capable of loving another person just as any heterosexual human. Yet, homosexuals are unable to obtain a marriage license anywhere in this country at this time. This needs to be changed; same-sex marriages should be legal in the United States of America. According to the Constitution, marriage is a civil right that all Americans are born with. Our country has decided by passing the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) in 1996 that two people of the same gender cannot get married (Alm et al. 201). By taking away this basic civil right, America has defied what our Founding Fathers based our country one, freedom. Homosexuals are allowed to speak freely, to bear arms , to have privacy, to be protected; what about to marry? It is wrong to base a person’s civil rights on sexuality. Along with the basic civil right to marry, there are other rights that the Defense of Marriage Act denies homosexuals. Rights that married people take for granted, such as the ability to visit a sick or injured spouse in the hospital, are denied to gay and lesbian people. Because of the law, hospitals and other institutions do not have to respect the basic human rights of gay and lesbian couples. Likewise, if one partner in a married couple is seriously ill and incapacitated, the other spouse should be able to make decisions regarding their care and guardianship. This basic right of guardianship is denied to gay and lesbian couples, because, again, their committed relationships are not recognized under the law. If one partner is incapacitated, the other partner is not given the right to make basic health care decisions. If homosexual couples h... Free Essays on Gay Free Essays on Gay How do most couples show the world that they are in a loving, devoted, committed relationship? How does one express that they want to spend the rest of their life with one particular person? This is normally done through a marriage, celebrated by a wedding, certified by a marriage license. Homosexuals are human; therefore they are capable of loving another person just as any heterosexual human. Yet, homosexuals are unable to obtain a marriage license anywhere in this country at this time. This needs to be changed; same-sex marriages should be legal in the United States of America. According to the Constitution, marriage is a civil right that all Americans are born with. Our country has decided by passing the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) in 1996 that two people of the same gender cannot get married (Alm et al. 201). By taking away this basic civil right, America has defied what our Founding Fathers based our country one, freedom. Homosexuals are allowed to speak freely, to bear arms , to have privacy, to be protected; what about to marry? It is wrong to base a person’s civil rights on sexuality. Along with the basic civil right to marry, there are other rights that the Defense of Marriage Act denies homosexuals. Rights that married people take for granted, such as the ability to visit a sick or injured spouse in the hospital, are denied to gay and lesbian people. Because of the law, hospitals and other institutions do not have to respect the basic human rights of gay and lesbian couples. Likewise, if one partner in a married couple is seriously ill and incapacitated, the other spouse should be able to make decisions regarding their care and guardianship. This basic right of guardianship is denied to gay and lesbian couples, because, again, their committed relationships are not recognized under the law. If one partner is incapacitated, the other partner is not given the right to make basic health care decisions. If homosexual couples h...

Free Essays on Chess

Chess is a very versatile game that can be related to or compared with many other things. Such as philosophy, war, film, etc. But the topic that I have chosen to research on is â€Å"chess and computers†. Since the birth of the technology i.e. Computer, chess players are being compared to artificial intelligence. Researchers are trying to find out who can play better chess. Humans or Artificial Intelligence. At present computers can only use the intelligence that is load in it. But it can have many more moves than human chess player can think. Such as computer chess program â€Å"Deep Blue†, which has beaten few chess grand masters. However, when computer plays chess, it does not think about the move it makes but performs a series of calculations to make the right move. This all based on the positions of the pieces on the board. Human chess players use their skills, judgment and previous experiences to decide about the moves they are going to make. Many chess computers can play at high levels due to fast calculations, but at this speed the computer has an advantage over human chess player because human brain cannot perform calculations at the speed a computer can. Despite this all, a human chess player can also have the advantage of thought and the abilities, which he had gained from his previous experience. If a human chess player made some unusual chess moves, which computer cannot predict because all computer intelligence is based on algorithms and any unusual move can throw computer off guard and that gives the human chess player advantage over the computer in the chess game. So the question here is, â€Å"Is the artificial intelligence is at level of human intelligence or not?† According to Boden, â€Å"The human brain is the most complex part of the human body if not the most complex subject known to human kind. Although a computer may work on a complicated series of circuits and processors it is a relatively simple item to ... Free Essays on Chess Free Essays on Chess Chess is a very versatile game that can be related to or compared with many other things. Such as philosophy, war, film, etc. But the topic that I have chosen to research on is â€Å"chess and computers†. Since the birth of the technology i.e. Computer, chess players are being compared to artificial intelligence. Researchers are trying to find out who can play better chess. Humans or Artificial Intelligence. At present computers can only use the intelligence that is load in it. But it can have many more moves than human chess player can think. Such as computer chess program â€Å"Deep Blue†, which has beaten few chess grand masters. However, when computer plays chess, it does not think about the move it makes but performs a series of calculations to make the right move. This all based on the positions of the pieces on the board. Human chess players use their skills, judgment and previous experiences to decide about the moves they are going to make. Many chess computers can play at high levels due to fast calculations, but at this speed the computer has an advantage over human chess player because human brain cannot perform calculations at the speed a computer can. Despite this all, a human chess player can also have the advantage of thought and the abilities, which he had gained from his previous experience. If a human chess player made some unusual chess moves, which computer cannot predict because all computer intelligence is based on algorithms and any unusual move can throw computer off guard and that gives the human chess player advantage over the computer in the chess game. So the question here is, â€Å"Is the artificial intelligence is at level of human intelligence or not?† According to Boden, â€Å"The human brain is the most complex part of the human body if not the most complex subject known to human kind. Although a computer may work on a complicated series of circuits and processors it is a relatively simple item to ...

Publishing and Distribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Publishing and Distribution - Essay Example In the changing scenerio, libraries and libraraians will have to play a crucial role in handling conventional and electronic resources. Thus the era of electronic publishing has begun affecting producers, distributors, library and Information centres and user community. Kist (1989) defined electronic publishing as "the application by publishers of a computer aided process, by which they find, capture, shape, store, and update information content in order to disseminate it to a chosen audience" (p. 600 ). Kist pointed out that this definition makes no distinction between the manufacturing process and the disseminating process. Less than a decade ago the term electronic publishing identified an activity that is now referred to as desktop publishing, in which information is stored and formatted electronically, but manufactured and distributed by traditional paper-based methods. Kist claimed that the term electronic publishing (which can include any single aspect digital storage, manufacture, or transmission of a publication) is now so broad that it is usually meaningless. Brownrigg and Lynch (1985) took a very different approach to defining an electronic publication. Their insightful article began by making a clear distinction between electronic produ ction and distribution of information. The authors distinguished between what they called Newtonian (Gutenberg/paper-based) publishing and quantum-mechanical (electronically transmitted) publishing. They concluded that much of what is currently labeled electronic publishing is actually traditional Gutenberg-style publishing carried out by modern methods. Their thesis was that electronic publishing is a delivery medium: that publication is an action and process rather than an artifact. This idea seems to have some merit. One of the most complete definitions of electronic publishing appears in a popular electronic encyclopedia (Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1995). This wholly electronic publication defines electronic publishing this way "Sometimes used to describe the application of computers to traditional print publishing--from word processing to computerized order processing--the term electronic publishing refers more precisely to the storage and retrieval of information through e lectronic communications media. It can employ a variety of formats and technologies, some already in widespread use by businesses and general consumers, and others still being developed. Electronic publishing technologies can be classified into two general categories: those in which information is stored in a centralized computer source and delivered to the user by a telecommunications system; and those in which the data is digitally stored on a disk or other physically deliverable medium. The former category, including online data base services and videotext, represents the most active area in electronic publishing today". Electronic publishing brings us a host of changes. It increases the speed of communicating, disseminating and digesting knowledge. It provides new means of searching for, finding and analyzing specific information. It reduces the need for additional shelf capacities in libraries. Yes, electronic

AIR Pollution Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AIR Pollution - Outline Example The trend in such industrialized countries is therefore a proof of the low socio economic factors prevalent in the countries despite their strong economies as the discussion below portrays. While obesity refers to the increase in body weight, research continues to prove that poor people are more susceptible to obesity than their wealthy counterparts are. Such is a worrying correlation since it proves that large sections of the populations of the developed countries are increasingly becoming poor (Correl,2010). Obesity is a lifestyle complication and therefore arises when people cannot afford appropriate lifestyles. The increase of fast food cafes in such developed economies as the United States and the United Kingdom is an economic factor that does not only point to the rising poverty levels but also makes citizens more vulnerable to obesity. Fast food cafes dispense foods high in fat some of which are never cooked in appropriate conditions. However, the foods are cheap and convenient to most of the people in the countries who spend most of their active hours at work. Such people lack adequate time to exercise thus burn the excess calories they obtain from such foods a feature that heightens their risks of obesity. The rising cost of living in the industrialized economies compels the poor to work hard thus lacking time to exercise and burn the excess calories (Drewnowski, 2013). Despite such, the group continues to rely on fast foods thus increasing their risks of becoming obese. Furthermore, obesity sustains the cycle of poverty in such families since it increases the chances of the people suffering many other diseases, which require adequate funds to manage. Despite such close relationships between poverty and obesity, other researches continue to prove that obesity arises from social factors and is not therefore a proof of the rising poverty levels in such countries. Proper nutrition for example is a cultural problem in the United States a feature that

Access to abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Access to abortion - Essay Example Though there is a law that legalized, but once the Health Minister in the country, during the Liam Fox, in 2001, had called for alternatives to abortion legalization in UK, if its cannot entirely abolished.The proclamation done by Fox in 2001, has been seen as an effort by the conservative to seek the support of people on the religious basis on tackling the issue, being he is among members of the Tories. Many other Conservative leaders in UK have continued to disparage on the abortion issue, such as William Hague, who had also known as anti-abortion personal that also spoke on the need to introduce strict Laws against abortion.Meanwhile, the UK's women in recent years who have adapt to accept Abortion as an alternative in their lives, have gotten to continue to maintained the subject matter, under 'a woman right to choose', which has giving them the mandate of choosing their destiny in life.Investigation conducted, has shows that most of the British citizens were supporting right for choice for the women in their pursuit to self legal abortion. The investigation further noted that about 77percent of the citizens are in the support for that. However, the investigation on this matter further quoted some facts from a source, which has encourages women in the United Kingdom who have the interest of making abortion to be more courageous over their zeal. Their campaign for legalization of abortion in the country, has gained the support of some dignitaries within the country, health practitioners, organizations, union and many others that are playing significant roles to humanity. A (Press Release) for the Campaign for modern abortion law, states "The Campaign which is backed by many peers, doctors, nurses, sexual sex organizations, trade unions, artists, and students, is calling for: Abortion to be available at the request of a woman And end to unacceptable delays in service provision And end to minority anti-choice attacks on current abortion right" All the encouragement that women in the UK get to remain on their zeal to abortion is derived from the Pro-Choice Organizations, while they adapt to such campaigns to ensure they do not allow themselves to become victims of pregnancy and delivery. Women on their arguments and facts in seeking for self legal abortion in UK, states that as human beings, they should be given the right to make their self decision on how to take care of their lives. Additionally, they argued that by legalizing the use of contraceptive and the abortion right, they would now have a very wider opportunity to vow on toward seeking for education without interruptions, social, and economic goods for themselves. Another argument from the women and those that are supporting the act of abortion in the UK, states that female should be allowed to choose whether to bear pregnancy or abort it, which according to them, only by doing so, there will be no gender Equality as it has been propagating worldwide. Further more, they argued that as long as women are restricted from

The Nature of Nursing Practice Essay Example for Free

The Nature of Nursing Practice Essay Nursing practice, like medicine, is also governed with ethical principles by which they are expected to perform their duties. Indeed, the moral sense of their duty lies with in this context of ethical considerations which according to Anne Bishop and John Scudder is â€Å"to lift out the moral significance of their practice and to develop facility in understanding how to fulfill the moral imperatives in their practice† (2001, p. 13) Bishop and Scudder contends that the moral issue in nursing ethics â€Å"concern with relationship of good in the sense of attentive, efficient, and effective with good in the personal sense† (2001, p. 19). It means of understanding the ways of the practice of nursing and employing them to foster welfare of the patient. Graham Rumbold in his book, Ethics in Nursing, pointed out that nursing evolves as a distinct profession from a medicine. He said, â€Å"Nurses no longer see themselves as handmaidens to the doctor but, at the very least, partners in care and at best practitioners in their own right† (Rumbold 1999, p. 9) Patricia Cronin and Karen Rawlings-Anderson citing Pierson (1999) pointed out that nursing practice, education and research has been significantly influenced by Cartesian philosophy. They state, â€Å"Nursing using the conventions of Cartesian philosophy would be able to describe, explain, predict, and control the phenomena of concern in nursing practice† (Cronin Anderson 2004, p. 10). Regarding the practice of nursing, William Cody pointed out that the nurse â€Å"is obligated to practice in such a way that seeks to avoid harm and to benefit the patient† (2006, p. 139). Cody said good nursing is more than a cluster of technique in that it involves a commitment to a moral end and is directed and judge by the end. George Khushf emphasized that nursing practice must be governed by ethical behavior and described the good nurse as â€Å"an individual who was virtuous and who followed certain rules in caring for the sick† (Khushf 2004, p. 490). Khushf pointed out that the ethical behaviors that were expected of the nurse, included loyalty, modesty, trustworthiness, obedience, promptness, quietness, cheerfulness, and deference to authority figure (2004, p. 490). Louise Rebraca Shives that the ANA or the American Nurses Association identified four primary principles to guide ethical decisions; â€Å"The client’s right to autonomy, the client’s right to beneficence, (doing good by the nurse), the client’s right to veracity (honesty and truth by the nurse), and the ethical principle4s of fidelity or the nurse faithful duties, obligations, and promises when providing care† (Shives 2006, p. 52) But nurses’ responsibility extends beyond their hospital duties. Sarah T. Fry argued, â€Å"Practicing nurses are also responsible for working within the professional organization to establish and maintain equitable social and economic working conditions in cursing† (Fry 2002, p. 136). Fry stressed that nurse collaborates with co-workers in bringing social and economic concerns to the awareness of employers and the members of the community, even if this means to participate in organized labor demonstration. Despite of the importance of the nursing practice in hospitals, nurses may also be at great risk of being sued if one appears oblivious or unresponsive to the needs of the patient, the family, or both.   Charles Sharpe pointed out, â€Å"The practitioner who attempt to care too much† (1999, p. 42). He emphasized that the conscientious, dedicated nurse who oversteps the limits of his clinical skills, training, and professional knowledge in providing what may well be meticulous care, places him or her self and the patient in jeopardy (Sharpe 1999, p. 42). Susan Westrick Killion and Katherine Dempski stressed that â€Å"when a nurse’s professional negligence rises to the level of reckless disregard for human life the nurse may face criminal charges of negligent homicide or manslaughter† (2006, p. 9). Work cited Bishop, AH Scudder, JR 2001, Nursing Ethics: Holistic Caring Practice, Jones Bartlett Publisher, Massachusetts, USA. Cody, W 2006, Philosophical and Theoretical Perspectives for Advanced Practice, Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Massachuserrs, USA. Cronin, P Anderson KR 2004, Knowledge for Contemporary Nursing Practice, Elsevier Limited, London, UK. Fry, St 2002, Ethics in Nursing Practice: A Guide To Ethical Decision Making, Blackwell Publishing Company, Oxford, UK. Khusf, G 2004, Handbook Of Bioethics: Taking Stock of the Field From a Philosophical Perspective, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. Killion, SW Dempski K 2006, Quick Look Nursing: Legal and Ethical Issues, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. Rumbold, G 1999, Ethics in Nursing Practice, Elsevier Limited, Philadelphia, USA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sharpe, C 1999, Nursing Malpractice: Liability and Risk Management, Green Wood Publishing Group, USA. Shives, LR 2006, Basic Concepts of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.

Holistic Therapy :: essays research papers fc

How does Buddhism differ from Christianity? 1. There Is No God Void vs. Loving God (emptiness, apathy, ignorance) In Buddhist thought, there is no supreme being, no Creator, no omnipotent omnipresent God, no Loving Lord over his creation. Ultimate Reality is an impersonal Void or Emptiness (Sunyata). Only the Void is Permanent. To a Buddhist, saying that God exists is like saying that the Void exists. Saying that God is loving and desires relationship with us is saying God is Ignorance since all desire comes from ignorance. Saying that God created us and has a purpose for our lives is saying that God is Karma, the cause and effect of our existence. Thus, in Buddhist thought, the concept of God is closest equated to the Void, Ignorance, and Karma. So who are Buddhists bowing down and praying to in their temples? Remember that Buddhism has adapted and absorbed many other beliefs rooted in animism and ancestral worship. 2. Christ’s Deity Denied If a Buddhist were asked who Jesus was, responses would likely include: a good man, a prophet, the founder of the Christian religion, a bodhisattva, the younger brother of Buddha. As it is hard for a Buddhist to understand the existence of God, it is inconceivable that Jesus is the incarnate Lord, God in the flesh. 3. Man Is Not A Spiritual Being Mankind has no soul or permanence. In Buddhist thought, an individual consists of five skandhas or aggregates. These aggregates are disassembled at death and there is no longer a cohesive unit that can be identified as an individual person. People are impermanent and transitory, perpetually facing the problem of how to escape from suffering. All life is meaningless and without purpose. The ultimate hope lies in what is permanent: The Void. Before one can find permanence, one must disappear into the Void, that is, achieve nirvana. 4. Karma Is The Iron Law Karma vs. Mercy Buddhists believe that the totality of one’s actions and the results of those actions determine one’s fate in subsequent reincarnations. This is the cosmic Law of Cause and Effect. Karma is the ultimate impersonal, unmerciful judge. Karma is unchangeable, cannot be undone, altered, avoided, or forgiven. What is done is done and cannot be undone, nor can you be forgiven or released from it. 5. Sin Has No Consequences The two systems` concepts of sin stand in stark contrast. To Buddhists sin does not have any consequences before a holy God.

Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu Essay

John Locke- 1. John Locke was one of the greatest philosophers in Europe at the end of the seventeenth century. Locke grew up and lived through one of the most extraordinary centuries of English political and intellectual history. The collapse of the Protectorate after the death of Cromwell was followed by the Restoration of Charles II — the return of the monarchy, the House of Lords and the Anglican Church. 2. Born 1632, died 1704. Locke’s chief work while living at Lord Ashley’s residence, Exeter House, in 1668 was his work as secretary of the Board of Trade and Plantations and Secretary to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas. 3. John Locke is known for the â€Å"Two Treatises of Government. † 4. One quote from John Locke is â€Å"To prejudge other men’s notions before we have looked into them is not to show their darkness but to put out our own eyes. † 5. During the remaining years of his life Locke oversaw four more editions of the Essay and engaged in controversies over the Essay most notably in a series of published letters with Edward Stilling fleet, Bishop of Worcester. In a similar way, Locke defended the Letter Concerning Toleration against a series of attacks. He wrote The Reasonableness of Christianity and Some Thoughts on Education during this period as well. Citation 1: Uzgalis, William, â€Å"John Locke†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = . Citation 2 (quote): John Locke. BrainyQuote. com, Xplore Inc, 2011. http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/quotes/j/johnlocke143294. html, accessed October 28, 2011. Baron De Montesquieu- 1. He was educated at the Oratorian College de Juilly, received a law degree from the University of Bordeaux in 1708, and went to Paris to continue his legal studies. On the death of his father in 1713 he returned to La Brede to manage the estates he inherited, and in 1715 he married Jeanne de Lartigue, a practicing Protestant, with whom he had a son and two daughters. In 1716 he inherited from his uncle the title Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu and the office of President a Mortier in the Parlement of Bordeaux, which was at the time chiefly a judicial and administrative body. For the next eleven years he presided over the Tournelle, the Parlement’s criminal division, in which capacity he heard legal proceedings, supervised prisons, and administered various punishments including torture. 2. He was born January 19, 1689 and died in 1755 of fever. He lived in Paris for a period of time. 3. Montesquieu’s two most important works are the Persian Letters and The Spirit of the Laws. 4. One quote from Montesquieu is â€Å"A nation may lose its liberties in a day and not miss them in a century. † 5. On his return to France in 1731, troubled by failing eyesight, Montesquieu returned to La Brede and began work on his masterpiece, The Spirit of the Laws. During this time he also wrote Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and of their Decline, which he published anonymously in 1734. In this book he tried to work out the application of his views to the particular case of Rome, and in so doing to discourage the use of Rome as a model for contemporary governments Citation 1: Bok, Hilary, â€Å"Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = . Citation 2: Baron de Montesquieu. BrainyQuote. com, Xplore Inc, 2011. http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/authors/b/baron_de_montesquieu. html, accessed October 28, 2011.

Guitar Essay Essay

Throughout life, human beings are destined to have ups and downs in life like a rollercoaster. In Federico Garcia Lorca’s lyric poem â€Å"The Guitar†, the speaker expresses sorrow and despair through imagery and personification of the guitar by relating life to an evening without morning, the desert sands, and the end of life for a bird. The most powerful message in the poem is that music can express our deepest losses and desires. In the lyric poem, â€Å"The Guitar† by Federico Garcia Lorca, the speaker uses symbolism to connect his emotions to the guitar. The description of the cries of the guitar as â€Å"The evening without morning† (22), gives the idea that his life is incomplete. This is important because it portrays that the speaker is missing a certain piece to complete the puzzle to his life. This clearly shows that his life is unfulfilled until he finds what he’s looking for. In addition, the narrator expresses the deepest desires of the beautiful instrument when he describes the â€Å"warm southern sands/Desiring white camellias† (19-20).This is significant as for the reason that flowers as stunning and purifying as camellias cannot grow in deserted areas such as the hot blazing waterless desert. Henceforth, the narrator can tries to convey the feeling that he may want something he cannot have. Therefore, the guitar weeps the heartfelt emotions through the monotonously rhythmic sound. Life is like a floating cloud, it drifts away in a while. In the lyric poem, â€Å"The Guitar†, Federico Garcia Lorca uses such a vivid visual when he describes the guitar weeping for an incredible creature when he states, â€Å"And the first dead bird dead/upon a branch†(23-24).The meaning is much related to reality as he depicts that death is inevitable. The narrator accentuates that one cannot cheat death as it comes before one realizes it. To conclude, music has the ability to express a person’s profounding loggings and personality. In Federico Garcia Lorca’s lyric poem, â€Å"The Guitar†, the speaker expresses his sorrow through literary analysis when he compares his life emotions to an evening without morning, the lonely desert sands, and the death of a bird through the weeps of the guitar.