Diffusion and osmosis lab Essay Example for Free

Diffusion and osmosis lab Essay What happened to the iodine, the starch, the glucose and the water in your experiment? Explain which molecules did/did not cross the membrane and in which direction they moved. Substance Prediction Results Starch Starch will stay in the cellulose tubing The results were correct Glucose Glucose will defuse and move out The results were correct Iodine The iodine will change color The results were correct 2. Did the results of your experiment agree or disagree with your prediction? Why or why not? My results agreed with my prediction because the starch, glucose and iodine stayed in the cellulose tubing, or the water changed color. 3. Considering your observations, suggest an explanation for the results of your experiment. What assumptions did you make about the nature of the membrane? The cell contains what enters. Small molecules can quickly go through and out of the cell. Meaning the small molecule diffuse through the process of osmosis. Lab 2 – ELODEA Objective: To demonstrate and explain effects of osmosis across a living membrane. 1. What changes took place in the Elodea cell after salt water is added? Did these changes agree or disagree with your prediction? Why or why or not? When the salt was added to the water it caused the water concentration to lessen but the solute to increase. There are more water molecules going out of the cell than in the cell the cell membrane began to shrink known as dehydration. 2. Explain, in detail, the process that caused these changes to occur. The elodea would not be able to live in salt-water environment because there is a greater concentration of the water in the cell. When there is salt in the cell, it would die. 3. Is this process reversible? If so, describe how you would reverse it? Yes, I think this process is reversible. You would have more of a salt solution then a water solution. Then you would add the water to the concentration then it will be revered

Business Law Essay -- essays research papers fc

Case study: David Jones Ltd v Willis (1934) 52 CLR pages 110 till 133. This case has created controversy among the Courts and such justices as Rich, Starke and Dixon. They all have different but similar decisions, relating to The Sales of Goods Act 1923(C ¡Ã‚ ¦th).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Summary This case deals with the defendant David Jones Ltd versus Willis the plaintiff, on the appeal from the supreme court of New South Wales. The case is related to The Sales of Goods Act 1923(C ¡Ã‚ ¦th). In the case the plaintiff purchased a pair of shoes from the defendant David Jones, a retail distributor of footwear not manufactured by it. On the third occasion of wearing the shoes the heel came off while the plaintiff was walking down the stairs. She fell over and suffered injuries. She sued for damages. The court held that there was a breach of the conditions of merchantable quality and fitness for purpose. The judge granted a new trial limited to question of damages. The appeal by the defendant was dismissed by the Full Court of the Supreme Court. Special leave to appeal from the judgment of the Full Court was granted to the defendant by the High Court on question whether there was evidence of implied condition or warranty within the meaning of sec 19 (1) or (2) of the sales of Goods Act 1923.The appeal then came on for hearing. The Sales of Goods Act 1923 (C ¡Ã‚ ¦th) „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Codifies the common law, with some modifications. „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this situation the contact was for a sale of goods. As we can assume that the pair of shoes purchased from the retailer David Jones cost greater than $20 and the plaintiff had evidence in writing such as a receipt. „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a Sales of goods if  ¡Ã‚ §the test is whether the primary objective of the contract is to transfer ownership of goods ¡Ã‚ ¨ in this case that was exactly the situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contract- Section 6 defines a contract for the sale of goods as,  ¡Ã‚ §A contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for money consideration called the price. ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Carvan, Miles C, Dowler W, 2003, 423). The defendant David Jones transferred a pair of shoes (goods), with the plaintiff for a certain price. As there was an exchange of property with money The Sales of Goods Act applies. The pair of shoe... ..., or whether the sales representative knew the particular purpose, it does not seem the parties are going to say something new, even if they were not telling the truth. And it seems the merchantable quality section has been fairly investigated and enough evidence has been obtained to come to a conclusion. In conclusion the sale between David Jones and Mrs. May Elisabeth Willis was a sale by description, it had breeched the implied condition of fitness for a particular purpose along with the implied condition of merchantable quality. Therefore I find the defendant David Jones guilty of sections 19 (1)  ¡Ã‚ §An implied condition of fitness for a particular purpose and 19 (2)  ¡Ã‚ §An implied condition of merchantable quality ¡Ã‚ ¨ as it sold faulty stock to the defendant Mrs. May Elisabeth Willis which caused her to fall down the stairs and brake her leg. The defendant can be sued for damages. I therefore support the trial limited to question of damages. Bibliography „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carvan, Miles C, Dowler W, A Guide to Business Law 15th edition. 2003 Sydney: Lawbook Co. „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case study: David Jones Ltd v Willis (1934) 52 CLR pages 110 till 133.

Comapre 2 Grief theorists Essay

Grief and bereavement are different for each individual, that is no two people will experience a loss in the same way. A loss is the absence of something we deem meaningful. Over the years there have been many different theories of grief, but it is not a ‘one size fits all’ approach. The aim of this paper is to compare two grief models, namely Dr Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief and Dr William Worden’s Tasks of Mourning including the Seven Mediators of Mourning. After comparing the two models the paper will then look at how the two models are different and finish with a case study using one of the models. Dr Elisabeth Kubler-Ross was a Swiss born Psychiatrist. During her in psychiatry residency she was appalled by the treatment of patients who were dying. She began lecturing medical students and forced them to face dying patients. Her extensive work with the dying lead to the writing of her book ‘On death and dying’ (1969). In this book she proposed the Five Stages of Grief, being denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, which most people will feel when faced with death. Whilst this model was initially for the dying patient it has been later adapted for the bereft. Dr Kubler-Ross notes that these stages are not meant to be completed in a strict order or are indeed the only emotions the bereft will pass through. Other researchers studying the process of loss and grief have recognised these stages as well as the fact that they do not have to be experienced in any particular order but are all part of the grieving process. The bereaved may vacillate in and out of some stages before completing this part of the process. Grief begins at the moment a loss is recognised, long before death actually happens. Dr Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief will be explained in more detail below: Denial. Shock and disbelief that the loss is happening. Numbness and even a sense of isolation that takes over the bereaved and for brief periods of time. Do they remember that they have suffered the loss? Anger. Why me? The bereaved may find themselves angry at the loss or themselves for wishing it would all end. Bargaining. This is usually about making a compromise with God or other deity. â€Å"Just let my baby have a heart beat on this ultrasound and I’ll do whatever you want† or your friend asks God to let him live a while longer and he’ll promise to quit smoking. Depression. Becoming so sad that things just don’t matter anymore. Feelings of hopelessness, sorrow, and despair overwhelm the bereaved. Acceptance. Coming to terms with reality. Loss is part of life and cannot be avoided. If the loss is the death of a loved one then a feeling of calmness and peace that the berefts loved one is no longer suffering and is at rest or peace, having gone on to a better place. These stages can come in any order and can be intertwined. The bereft will experience grief in their own way and their own time. Some people will move through the grieving process quickly, and others take much more time to grieve. Some bereaved people may effectively remain in denial for a long time and put off their grieving. The Four Tasks of Mourning is based on research by Dr J William Worden, PhD, who is currently a professor at Biola University in California. Dr Worden (2009) theorised that the grieving process was broken down into four main tasks of grieving and seven mediators of mourning which could be addressed individually or at the same time. Dr Worden’s Four Tasks of Mourning are: Task 1: To Accept the Reality of the Loss. During this task, the bereft must face the reality that the loss is real. In the case of a death the bereft must come to harsh terms that the deceased is never coming back. Task 2: To Process the Pain of Grief. This task is just as the title of the task suggests, that is, to process the pain and to find a way to cope with the pain until it passes. Task 3: To Adjust to a World Without the Deceased. Within this task there are three adjustments that need to be made; external adjustments, internal adjustments, and spiritual adjustments. Task 4: To Find an Enduring Connection With the Deceased in the Midst of Embarking on a New Life. ‘to find an enduring connection with the deceased in the midst of embarking on a new life’ (Field, Gal-Oz & Bonanno, 2003). Worden also identifies seven determining factors that are critical to appreciate in order to understand the client’s experience which he calls the Mediators of Mourning. These include: (1) who the person who died was; (2) the nature of the attachment to the deceased; (3) how the person died; (4) historical antecedents; (5) personality variables; (6) social mediators; and (7) concurrent stressors. These mediators include many of the risk and protective factors identified by the research literature and provide an important context for appreciating the idiosyncratic nature of the grief experience (Corr & Coolican, 2010). Issues such as the strength and nature of the attachment to the deceased, the survivor’s attachment style and the degree of conflict and ambivalence with the deceased are important considerations. Death-related factors, such as physical proximity, levels of violence or trauma, or a death where a body is not recovered, all can pose significant challenges for the bereaved. Dr Worden’s work is an important development in the understanding of the process of coping adaptively with bereavement as each task is clearly defined in an action-oriented manner. The writings of both Dr Kubler-Ross and Dr Worden have had a substantial impact in the world of loss and grief. Although the simplicity is surely attractive, Dr Kubler-Ross’ theory has not been supported by research and it has largely been abandoned by clinicians and researchers alike (Harvard Mental Health Letter, 2011). Dr Worden (2009) suggested that we look at grief as a series of tasks rather than stages as detailed above. Both models have what could be defined as steps in the grieving process and these steps provide the counsellor a theoretical framework in which to work. Neither of the two models are designed to be linear in their process and in fact the bereft may swing back and forth between some of the steps in each model. The danger with these, and all other models, however, is that they can be normative and tell people how they ought to experience grief. Individuals are all unique and experiences of grief vary from person to person. Therefore, the emphasis on moving through the stages may not, in reality, respect where each individual is. After all, some may never actually want to â€Å"get over† the death of a loved one. Consequently, there is a risk that people who are not following these stages might be labelled as suffering from a â€Å"complicated† or â€Å"unresolved† grief and may be intervened with unnecessarily or inappropriately (Hamama-Raz, Hemmendinger & Buchbinder, 2010). Case Study Penny is 48 years old. She is in a defacto relationship with Leonard for the past seven years. She has three grown up children, one living nearby, the other living in Melbourne, and her daughter, Katherine (24 years old), living at home and working. She is healthy and has a steady job. She has limited contact with the husband from whom she had been divorced when the children were very young. Leonard is a magazine editor and had never married. When he had met Penny they seemed just right for each other. They were each other’s best friend. Leonard had not been feeling right for a short time before consulting his doctor. Tests showed a malignant mass in his bowel. He was operated on to remove the mass and he was to begin chemotherapy soon after. This weighed heavily on Penny and Leonard, despite the optimistic prognosis offered by Leonard’s doctors. In Penny’s life, the routine of the household was that she woke Katherine up in the morning, as she was notorious for sleeping through her alarm clock and arriving late for work. One morning, Penny bent over to shake Katherine awake, but this morning she could not be awakened. She had died during the night. Penny called an ambulance, and within minutes the paramedics were there but Katherine had been dead for several hours. The doctors were unable to establish a cause of death even after extensive testing. The next days were a total blank as Penny went through the motions of all that had to be done. The family gathered, the funeral took place, and Penny blocked most of it out. Penny has been unable to function. Her grief and depression are crippling and overwhelm everything. For the first few weeks, she could not eat or sleep. She was unable even to consider returning to work, as she was immersed in her grief. Leonard suggested that she should get some help, so Penny went for group counselling at a local agency. The group proved somewhat helpful and it enabled Penny to return to work about eight weeks after Katherine’s death. At work, she found herself short tempered, snapping at colleagues, she was preoccupied and could not focus and she was frequently late. She was able to get through the days, only to come home and cry. It was her anger that finally propelled her into individual counselling. She was unable to be civil to her work colleagues â€Å"who were idiots.† The few friends that she still had were objects of her wrath. She found herself irrationally lashing out at anyone who even slightly annoyed her, and she began to feel isolated and frightened by her own actions. She began individual bereavement counselling in December, eight months after Katherine had died. If I was counselling Penny I would assess which of Worden’s four mourning tasks were not complete and make an effort to address the gaps. If Penny has not accepted the reality of the loss, then Penny has to begin the letting go of the deceased. However, if the difficulty is in experiencing the pain, then I would help Penny feel safe enough to feel both the positive and negative aspects of his or her grief. This safety would be built up through the accepting relationship established between myself and Penny. If adjusting to the environment seems to be the hurdle, then problem solving would become the focus of helping Penny to make the needed changes to get back to living. If Penny were unable to engage in relationships and withdraw her emotional energy from Katherine, then I would have to work with her to help release her from the binding attachment to Katherine and to be free to develop new relationships. Often the bereft are afraid to let go of the deceased for fear that the deceased will be forgotten. It may be constructive for me to counsel Penny on how to build new connections to Katherine, new ways to think about her in a more spiritual or ethereal manner. I would also urge social connectedness with others by encouraging and supporting efforts in that direction. In conclusion, every person will experience grief and loss at some stage of their lives. It is the way that this grief and loss is handled by the counsellor that can help the bereft deal with their loss and move past it, incorporating the loss into their lives. An effective counsellor can only do this if they are familiar with the theories of grief and loss. References Beyond the five stages of grief. (2011). Harvard Mental Health Letter, 3. Corr, C. A., & Coolican, M. B. (2010). Understanding bereavement, grief, and mourning: implications for donation and transplant professionals. Progress in Transplantation, 20(2), 169-177. Field, N. P., Gal-Oz, E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2003). Continuing Bonds and Adjustment at 5 Years After the Death of a Spouse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 110-117. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.110 Hamama-Raz, Y., Hemmendinger, S., & Buchbinder, E. (2010). The Unifying Difference: Dyadic Coping With Spontaneous Abortion Among Religious Jewish Couples. Qualitative Health Research. doi:10.1177/1049732309357054 Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: Macmillan. Worden, J. W. (2009). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co.a

Regarding The Topic Of Theism, One Must Take Into...

Regarding the topic of theism, one must take into consideration several factors when justifying or repudiating its reasonableness-- due to its subjective and therefore controversial nature, it is quite difficult to say precisely whether theism is justified or otherwise. Personally, I am not convinced of either position yet, and as a recently converted Christian (in other words, I am still relatively new to the ideals surrounding western theology) both arguments seem plausible and require further thought. On one hand, theistic belief has existed for centuries upon centuries-- for so long, theism has ingrained itself into the cultures and lifestyles of those who believe in a higher power, with Sunday becoming a holy day and holidays†¦show more content†¦Humanity has a clear desire to understand and have answers, and perhaps they turn to theism in order to justify these ideas-- in which case, theism is perfectly justified. It yields its purpose to explaining the wonders of the world. Today, individuals use theistic beliefs to explain phenomenons such as miracles, personal revelations, and â€Å"supernatural† concepts rather than using it to justify science and laws of nature as their ancient ancestors may have done. However, in any case, both modern and ancient believers seek to â€Å"know, and to live, beneath the surfaces of life, and to be aware of the realities beneath the superficialities† (Robertson Davies, The Lyre of Orpheus). Indulging in theistic belief gives more meaning to life for these particular individuals, and perhaps the common consensus of a widely accepted faith-- an organized religion and place of worship-- further solidifies these beliefs. Additionally, several arguments exist in order to justify theism, including the argument from design and the ontological, cosmological, moral arguments. Taking logical, empirical, and moral considerations into thought, the philosophical justification of theism holds; yet there are cor responding rebuttals that raise skepticism within my scientific self. For example, in The Analogy of the Watch by William Paley, a hypothetical situation arises in which one finds a pocket watch in the middle of the woods-- upon its discovery, one would figure that the lawsShow MoreRelatedDoes God Exist? Considering the Philosophy of Ernest Nagel from a First Person1530 Words   |  7 PagesOne burning and enduring problem in philosophy to which we have given considerable examination is the question of the existence of God--the superlative being that philosophers have defined and dealt with for centuries. After reading the classic arguments of St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, the contentious assertions of Ernest Nagel, and the compelling eyewitness accounts of Julian of Norwich, I have been introduced to some of the most revered and referenced arguments for and against Gods existenceRead MoreThreats of Terror Essay5144 Words   |  21 Pagescharacter of Israeli society and the critical debates in its system of education. As far as it can be ascertained through the observations in this study, the general publics’ attitude could be defined as a mildly moral realistic one: people think that terror and violence have objective foundations but certainly embody some subjective human conventions and beliefs. Is it possible in a democratic society to aspire to peace during a long period of war andRead MoreThe Ethical Debate Concerning Cloning Essay6336 Words   |  26 Pagesmouse for use in controlled experimentation. However, the idea of cloning humans is a highly charged topic. Several authors have attempted to outline some of the ethical objections to cloning while at the same time minimizing the role religion plays in this debate. The objections posed by Leon Kass and James Q. Wilson provide basic arguments that deserve consideration. Kass outlines the possibility of clones through the idea that cloning is neither inherently goodRead MoreTheological Essay : Theological Of Theology4931 Words   |  20 Pagesour study of theology must extend beyond merely learning facts and information. That s where applying theology on a practical level - often called practical theology - also comes into play. In Philippians 3:10, the Apostle Paul wrote, I want to know Christ and the power of his resurrection †¦ To know Christ is to know theology. C.S. Lewis once said, Good philosophy must exist, if for no other reason, because bad philosophy needs to be answered. Similarly, good theology must exist, not only becauseRead More Teaching Origins in 20th Century American Public Schools Essay6390 Words   |  26 Pagescreationist and evolutionist parents and organizations. After the highly publicized Scopes Trial of 1925, the debate receded from the public arena, but creationists became more active. They quietly and effectively passed laws in several Southern states regarding the teaching of origins and pressured publishers to de-emphasize or omit entirely the subject, or at least the contentious terminology, of evolution from textbooks. When the US’s Cold War adversary launched the Sputnik, the federal government invested

Battle of the Bismarck Sea in World War II

The Battle of the Bismarck Sea was fought March 2-4, 1943, during World War II (1939 to 1945). Forces Commanders Allies Major General George KenneyAir Commodore Joe Hewitt39 heavy bombers, 41 medium bombers, 34 light bombers, 54 fighters Japanese Rear Admiral Masatomi KimuraVice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa8 destroyers, 8 transports, approx. 100 aircraft Background With defeat looming in the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Japanese high command began making efforts in December 1942 to reinforce their position in New Guinea. Seeking to shift around 105,000 men from China and Japan, the first convoys reached Wewak, New Guinea in January and February delivering men from the 20th and 41st Infantry Divisions. This successful movement was an embarrassment to Major General George Kenney, commander of the Fifth Air Force and Allied Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area, who had vowed to cut off the island from re-supply. Assessing the failures of his command during the first two months of 1943, Kenney revised tactics and embarked on a rapid training program to ensure better success against maritime targets. As the Allies set to work, Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa began making plans to shift the 51st Infantry Division from Rabaul, New Britain to Lae, New Guinea. On February 28, the convoy, consisting of eight transports and eight destroyers assembled at Rabaul. For additional protection, 100 fighters were to provide cover. To lead the convoy, Mikawa selected Rear Admiral Masatomi Kimura. Striking the Japanese Due to Allied signals intelligence, Kenney was aware that a large Japanese convoy would be sailing for Lae in early March. Departing Rabaul, Kimura originally intended to pass south of New Britain but changed his mind at the last minute to take advantage of a storm front that was moving along the north side of the island. This front provided cover through the day on March 1 and Allied reconnaissance planes were unable to locate the Japanese force. Around 4:00 PM, an American B-24 Liberator briefly spotted the convoy, but the weather and time of day precluded an attack. The next morning, another B-24 spotted the Kimuras ships. Due to the range, several flights of B-17 Flying Fortresses were dispatched to the area. To help reduce the Japanese air cover, Royal Australian Air Force A-20s from Port Moresby attacked the airfield at Lae. Arriving over the convoy, the B-17s began their attack and succeeded in sinking the transport Kyokusei Maru with the loss of 700 of the 1,500 men on board. B-17 strikes continued through the afternoon with marginal success as the weather frequently obscured the target area. Tracked through the night by Australian PBY Catalinas, they came within range of the Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay around 3:25 AM. Though launching a flight of Bristol Beaufort torpedo bombers, only two of the RAAF aircraft located the convoy and neither scored a hit. Later in the morning, the convoy came into the range of the bulk of Kenneys aircraft. While 90 aircraft were assigned to striking Kimura, 22 RAAF Douglas Bostons were ordered to attack Lae through the day to reduce the Japanese air threat. Around 10:00 AM the first in series of closely coordinated aerial attacks began. Bombing from around 7,000 feet, B-17s succeeded in breaking up Kimuras formation, reducing the effectiveness of the Japanese anti-aircraft fire. These were followed by B-25 Mitchells bombing from between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. These attacks drew the bulk of the Japanese fire leaving an opening for low-altitude strikes. Approaching the Japanese ships, the Bristol Beaufighters of No. 30 Squadron RAAF were mistaken by the Japanese for Bristol Beauforts. Believing the aircraft to be torpedo planes, the Japanese turned towards them to present a smaller profile. This maneuver allowed the Australians to inflict maximum damage as the Beaufighters strafed the ships with their 20 mm cannons. Stunned by this attack, the Japanese were next to hit by modified B-25s flying at low-altitude. Strafing the Japanese ships, they also made skip bombing attacks in which bombs were bounced along the surface of the water into the sides of enemy vessels. With the convoy in flames, a final attack was made by a flight of American A-20 Havocs. In short order, Kimuras ships had been reduced to burning hulks. Attacks continued through the afternoon to ensure their final destruction. While the battle raged around the convoy, P-38 Lightnings provided cover from Japanese fighters and claimed 20 kills against three losses. The next day, the Japanese mounted a retaliatory raid against the Allied base at Buna, New Guinea, but inflicted little damage. For several days after the battle, Allied aircraft returned to the scene and attacked survivors in the water. Such attacks were viewed as necessary and were partially in retribution for the Japanese practice of strafing Allied airmen while they descended in their parachutes. Aftermath In the fighting at the Bismarck Sea, the Japanese lost eight transports, four destroyers, and 20 aircraft. In addition, between 3,000 and 7,000 men were killed. Allied losses totaled four aircraft and 13 airmen. A complete victory for the Allies, the Battle of the Bismarck Sea led Mikawa to comment a short time later, It is certain that the success obtained by the American air force in this battle dealt a fatal blow to the South Pacific. The success of Allied airpower convinced the Japanese that even strongly escorted convoys could not operate without air superiority. Unable to reinforce and resupply troops in the region, the Japanese were permanently put on the defensive, opening the way for successful Allied campaigns.

Nuclear Weapons During The Cold War Era Essay - 907 Words

The development and use of nuclear weapons in 1945 changed not only warfare, but how countries approach warfare as a whole. As Andrew Heywood notes in his book, Global Politics, says that there’s a tendency â€Å"for any weapons to proliferate† or spread. With that knowledge it should be assumed that many nations would want to obtain nuclear weapons after seeing what the power that they hold. A state being in possession of a nuclear weapon can deter potential enemies and make them a power on the global scale. The Cold War era and post- Cold War era both saw an in increase in the spread of nuclear weapons. During the Cold War, after the US first used a nuclear weapon in 1945, states that gained nuclear capabilities were the France, the UK, China and the Soviet Union. Post – Cold War era India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea all gained nuclear weapons and shows the problem with proliferation of them. India and Pakistan are neighboring states and rivals which can lead to the possibility that they could be used at any moment. North Korea is a dangerous militaristic state that constantly threatens other states. This illustrates that the spread of nuclear weapons is a global problem because nuclear proliferation can possibly put WMDS, weapons of mass destruction, in the hands of rival states or extremely dangerous nations. There’s also the possibility of them falling into the hands of non state actors such as terrorists groups. Nuclear proliferation and nuclear disarmament/armsShow MoreRelatedThe Human Race Cannot Coexist with Nuclear Weapons Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagestwo bombs ended World War II and changed the public’s view of nuclear energy. 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Responsible For Pumping Sufficient Amount †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Responsible For Pumping An Sufficient Amount? Answer: Introducation A diagnosis has been done on Mrs. Brown with acute exacerbation of heart failure (AIHF). The symptoms of AIHF are initially caused by the pulmonary oedema due to an increased filling pressure in the left ventricle (LV) (Copstead Banasik, 2013). To meet the metabolic demand of the body, the LV is responsible for pumping an sufficient amount of oxygenated rich blood to the body. The LV becomes impaired to perform this activity, which leads to increase the blood volume and blood pressure in the LV (Gallagher, 2012). This situation results to the flowing of the blood forwarded into the body, which can cause the increased blood in the LV to revert through the pulmonary veins and left atrium, resulting to an increment in the capillary pressure (Craft Gordon, 2015). The fluid more possibly becomes to penetrate into the interstitial spaces and the lungs alveoli from the capillary walls causing a lift in the capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to pulmonary oedema, as a result of increase of the pulmonary circulation hydrostatic pressure (Fenwick, 2015). The pulmonary gas exchange function can be significantly impaired due to the increased fluid and in the alveoli and airway as the interference of the gas exchange with the lungs ventilation process. Hence, severe dyspnoea would be experienced by Mrs. Browns. Due to the movement of the air that passes through the alveolar flied, sounds of the crackles are heard from the patient having pulmonary oedema (Fenwick, 2015). It is indicated from the oxygen saturation reading that Mrs. Brown is having inadequate supply of blood in her body. The situation is resulted by the incapability of the lungs for not effective oxygenation of the blood. Therefore, while leaving the pulmonary circulation, the blood gets poorly oxygenated (Gallagher, 2012). The failing heart is responsible for not delivering the adequate oxygenated blood to reach the tissue oxygen needs, resulting into the hypoxia and reduced tissue perfusion, as stated b y Fenwick (2015). AHF is connected with a remarkable reduction in the cardiac output (CO), myocardial contractility and stroke volume. Accumulated blood pressure and tachycardia has been experienced by Mrs. Brown due to the activation o compensatory mechanism responding to the reduced CO. The activation of the symoathetic nervous system is stimulated by the decreased cardiac output to discharge the no noradrenalin and adrenaline that can be the reason for increment in vasoconstriction (McCance Huether, 2014). With the activation of the vasoconstriction, the further elevation happens in the myocardial contractility, peripheral vascular constriction and the HR. A decreased blood flow to the kidneys is caused by the decreased CO, resulting to a step down in the glomerular filtration rate, additionally (McCance Huether, 2014). Chopsted and Banasik (2013) has showed in response to the above stated situation, that, to release rennin, which transforms the angiotensinogen to angiotensin I from angiotensin II the kidneys are stimulated by the rennin-angiotensin-aldosteron. A lift in the arterial blood pressure is caused by the increase of the peripheral vasoconstriction from such situation. In addition, Gordon and Craft (2015) stated that, the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is stimulated by the posterior pituitary, in response to the reduction of the cerebral perfusion pressure caused by the low CO. An important role is played by the ADH in raising the reabsorption of the water of the renal tubules, which results in increased volume of blood and the water retention. If the prescribed oxygen therapy is provided to Mrs. Brown, it will relieve the symptoms of her connected with acute hypoxia and dyspnoea. The density of oxygen in airway and the alveolar space is increased and the levels of carbon dioxide are decreased by the disposal of oxygen. Therefore, this helps the gases to spread out into the capillaries of pulmonary by crossing the membrane of the alveolar capillary (Wagner Hardin-Pierce, 2014). As the result, the function of the pulmonary gas exchange improves and the symptoms of the dyspnoea decreases.the oxygen level in the blood is increased and the requirement for the tissue perfusion is improved by the oxygen therapy (Powell, Graham, OReilly Punton, 2016). Optimally, a pulse oximetry has been used for monitoring the effectiveness of oxygen therapy disposal provided to Mrs. Brown. Mrs. Brown has been placed in the high Fowler position while her feet is dangling at the bedside, which improves the gas exchange function and the ventilation by enhancing her thoracic capacity (Gallagher, 2012). Moreover, the cardiac preload caused by the ineffective systematic circulation is decreased by this particular position. During diastole, the blood amount returning to the left ventricle gets less overfilled, as a result of the decreased return of venous (Wagner Hardin-Pierce, 2014). Consequently, this improves the LV performance. Furosemide is one of the loop diuretic drugs. The reabsorption of the chloride and the sodium ions into the interstitial fluid from the loops inhibited by the direct working of the ascending loops medullary part of Henle, which result into a hypotonic interstitial fluid environment (Bullock Manias, 2013). The reduction of the pulmonary venous pressure is helped by the Furosemide, by circulating the oedemous fluid, which can be responsible for resulting to the optimal exchange of gas. The intravascular volume is decreased by this which can lead to a reduction of return of venous to the preload and LV. This can benefit the improvement of the cardiac output by allowing the overfilled LV to constrict more effectively by the reduced venous return (Gallagher, 2012). The electrolyte imbalances and the dehydration are affected by the common adverse. The main affected electrolyte is the potassium ions and imbalances in the potassium level can lead to cardiac dysrhythmias, hypokalaemia and co nfusions in aged patients (Riley, 2013). Thus, the nurses are suggested to monitor and document the fluid and electrolyte status of the patient, prior to begin the therapy of intravenous (IV) furosemide. The IV furosemide usage on an aged patient needs to be as low dose as possible, and generally not more than 4mg per minute not to cause ototoxicity. The patient needs to be monitored frequently for dizziness, headache, dry mouth and loss of skin turgor as the signs of dehydration. For further advice, these symptoms are needed to be documented and reported to the doctors (Bullock Manias, 2013). Glyceryl trinitrate is one of the peripheral vasodilator drugs, which is absorbed by the endothelial cells of the wall of the blood vessel and transformed into nitric oxide (NO) in the vascular muscle. The activation of the second manager system depended on calcium is stimulated by the NO for releasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate thatalerts the myosins activity resulted into the dilating of the blood vessels (Gallagher, 2012). The NO levels in the vascular smooth muscle, which is responsible for the activation of the vasodilatation, is increased by the glyceryl trinitrate. This results into the systematic vascular response (SVR) and reduction of venous return that further results into decreased cardiac preload and cardiac after load. Dilating the pulmonary vasculature is acted by this which is responsible for the result of the increase in venous capacitance (Gallagher, 2012). The facial flushing, hypotension and the headache is caused by the common adverse. The blood pressure that is resulted from the reduced SVR is decreased by glyceryl trinitrate. Thus, is considered to be important to observe the blood pressure of the patient frequently, every 5 to 10 minutes for avoiding the systematic hypotension. The nurses are required to document and report to the doctors immediately, if a large reduction in the systolic blood pressure can be seen in the patient (Riley, 2013). Reference: Bullock, S., Manias, E. (2013). Fundamental of Pharmacology (7th ed.). Pearson Australia. Copstead, L., Banasik, J. (2013). Pathophysiology (5th ed.). Elsevier Astralia. Craft, J., Gordon, C. (2015). Understanding Pathophysiology (2nd ed.). Chatswood, Australia: Elsevier Australia. Fenwick, R. (2015). Mnagaement of acute heart failure in the emergency department. Emergency Nurse. 23(8), 26-35. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1784630412/fulltextPDF/A56CA91C5E14460PQ/1?accountid=36155 Gallagher, R. (2012). Problems of oxygenation: perfusion. In Brown, D., Edwards, H. (3rd edition.). Lewiss medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems. (pp. 883-898). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Australia. McCance, K., Huether, S. (2014). Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th edi.). Elsevier Australia. Powell, J., Graham, D., oReilly, S., Punton, G. (2016). Acute pulmonary oedema. Nursing Standard. 30(23),51. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.comezproxy.uws.edu.au/docview/1784938311.fulltext/71A552B44E73PQ/1?accountid=36155 Riley, J. (2013). Acute decompensate heart failure: diagnosis and management. British Journal of Nursing. 22(22), 1290-1295. Retrieved from https://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer?sid=c609c3a5-1919-41fc-8ff8-eac9facfea9f%40sessionmgr4009vid=5hid=4201 Wagner, K., Hardin-Pierce, M. (2014). High-acuity nursing (6th ed.). Upper saddle river, New Jersey: Pearson.